Vishwa Hindu Parishad (World Council of Hindus) - VHP, or Parishad-is an authoritative and mass Hindu organization. It was established in 1964 to consolidate and strengthen the Hindu community, protect and promote Hinduism and its values, and maintain contacts with Hindus living abroad. However, political opponents in the form of the Indian National Congress (INC), its allies and leftist parties accuse members of the VCP of inciting religious and communal discord and participating in Hindu-Christian pogroms.

What exactly is a Parishad?

AT THE HANUMAN TEMPLE

The Ramakrishna Puram district is well known to Delhi residents. It is located in the south of the Indian capital, near the old campus of J. Nehru University. The district owes much of its fame to the Vishwa Hindu Parishad headquarters located in its sixth sector.

I was expected here at 9.30 am after the puja* at the Hanuman Temple. A loyal companion of the legendary hero of the epic poem Ramayana, Prince Rama, and the leader of the monkey army in the battle of Lanka, Hanuman is very popular with the members of the organization and represents loyalty, perseverance, selflessness, courage and physical strength. During puja hours, the gates of the headquarters are wide open, and anyone can enter its territory without hindrance. In any case, I didn't find any armed guards or stormtroopers with bamboo sticks, which some Indian media outlets use to frighten readers.

Beyond the gate, a rectangular courtyard with a three-story pilgrim inn and a small cowshed opened up. By the cowshed, several elderly men were reading newspapers that had been placed in plywood tablets for convenience. When asked where to find the Coordinating Secretary for International Affairs, they pointed to a row of doors under the stairs leading to the temple.

Above each door, a meter-long swastika was painted in brown ceramic tiles. It symbolizes the sun, well-being, prosperity and serves as a talisman. The Parishad and other Hindu organizations have repeatedly protested against the ban on swastika images within the borders of the European Union. In their opinion, Hindus are not responsible for the use of ancient Indian symbols by the Nazi party and the conversion of these symbols to evil.

AT THE BEGINNING OF THE JOURNEY

The Vishwa Hindu Parishad was formed on August 29, 1964, in Bombay, by a gathering of forty venerable Hindu clerics and Sikh representatives. The forum was initiated by Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, leader of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Union of Voluntary Servants of the Nation), or RSS, a leading organization of Hindu nationalism.¹ He also came up with the idea of the Sangh Parivar (Sangh Family), a kind of "umbrella" structure that covers various aspects of modern Indian society with the help of numerous branches of the RCC.

The "family" includes more than 80 affiliated organizations, including Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party), or BJP (political wing), Bharatiya Mazdur Sangh (Union of Indian Workers), Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (Union of Indian Peasants), Vijaya Bharati (Indian Education), etc. In this system, the VCP is assigned the role of curator of the Hindu community and religious issues.

The creation of Parishads was a "response of the RCC" to the proselytizing activities of Christian missionaries, according to the famous French researcher X. Jaffrelo ². They showed particularly great interest in the places of compact residence of tribes in North-Eastern India. As a result, over 90% of the Naga converted to Christianity. Part of the Naga tribes supported the independence of Nagaland and waged an armed struggle against the government, which posed a threat to the territorial integrity of the country.

In August 1964, Pope Paul VI announced the holding of an international Eucharistic conference in Bombay. In the run-up to this event, 250 Indians were converted to Christianity. In response, the first president of the VCP, Swami Chinmayanand, promised to convert 500 Christians to Hinduism. ³ Interfaith relations in the city worsened, a conflict was brewing, and the pontiff abandoned his intentions.

The leaders of the Parishads identified as their priority tasks: the unity of Hindus living in India and abroad, the protection and promotion of Hinduism and its values.-

* Puja is the main form of worship in Hinduism.

** Proselytism - proselytizing (editor's note).

religious and spiritual values and the return of Hindus converted to another faith to the bosom of Hinduism ⁴. According to VHP documents, all Indians are brothers, regardless of language, religion, caste and class differences. They should help each other and avoid doing wrong. The practice of untouchability should be banned. All Indians form a single cultural community. During the period of British rule, the colonial authorities pursued a policy aimed at splitting the Indians and contrasting Hindus and Muslims, Christians and Hindus, Aryans and Dravidians, Brahmins and non-Brahmins, caste Hindus and untouchables. This was facilitated by the curial (religious-communal) electoral system introduced by the authorities in 1909 and developed in 1935. According to the VHP, the secularism of Nehru and the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty deepened the isolation of religious communities.

Hinduism has no ecclesiastical organization or recognized practice. Therefore, from the very first steps, the Parishad pays great attention to the unification of Hindu creeds and making them uniform. It seeks to attract as many Hindu temple priests, wandering Sadhu saints, and heads of numerous neo-Hindu cults as possible into its orbit of influence. Another important initiative of his was the "rationalization" of ritual practice. It involves performing only three basic rituals instead of 16: birth (jatpakarma), marriage (vivaha), and death (antyashti).

The name "World Council of Hindus" indicates the international nature of the WCP's activities aimed at consolidating Hindus both in India and abroad. At the same time, he undertook the mission of spreading the authority of dharma (morality, religious duty) in Hinduism for the sake of the welfare of all mankind.

It is significant that the organization chose a giant banyan tree as its symbol. It takes root from the branches down, and its crown covers an area of a whole hectare.

UNDER THE BANNER OF HINDUTVA

The history of Parishads dates back almost half a century.

It can be divided into three periods: 1964-1983, 1983-1995, and 1995-2011. The periods are distinguished by significant events - the Yatra of 1983 and the resumption of legal activity of the VHP in 1995. Hindus use the term yatra to refer to a procession or pilgrimage to holy places. This is usually a crowded event that has a great propaganda effect.

In 1964-1983, the VCP focused its efforts on establishing branches in all parts of the country, establishing an organizational structure, and bringing together leaders of Hindu religious centers. An important role in this was played by the international Hindu conferences in Allahabad (Prayag), held under the auspices of the Parishads in 1966 and 1979. The first conference was attended by 25 thousand delegates, the second-over 50 thousand delegates.

Yatra 1983 became the first in the arsenal of VHP.

In 1983-1995, the organization took an active part in the movement for the demolition of the Babur Mosque. She conducted numerous yatra, prayer services, meetings, conferences, etc. VHP branches began to operate in a number of countries around the world. During the period under review, the Sangha Family formed a triumvirate: RCC (general issues and culture), VHP (religion) and Bharatiya Janata Porti (politics)⁵, subsequently, as noted above, grew to a huge "umbrella" structure.

On December 10, 1992, the federal authorities imposed a ban on VHP in connection with its campaign for the peaceful demolition of the Babur Mosque in Ayodhya and the construction of a temple of the God Rama in its place, but this ban was only formal.

The ban was lifted in 1995, and the current period began, which was marked by the transformation of the Parishad into a massive socio-religious organization, uniting 4.2 million active members and 20 million participants in its programs.

Like all members of the Pari Var Sangha, the VCP remains committed to the Hindutva (Hindu) ideology. He explains the origin of the term "Hindu" (Hindu) by national, rather than religious affiliation, by analogy with, for example, an American resident of the United States. Anyone who resides in India, identifies with India, and follows the Indian cultural tradition is a Hindu. The nationality of a person does not change from the fact that he is a Muslim or a Christian. So all indies-

* Aryans-descendants of the Indo-Europeans belonging to the Caucasian race, who conquered the north of India in the middle of the second millennium BC; Dravidian peoples - the indigenous population of Hindustan, belonging to the South Indian race (approx. ed.).

tsy-Hindus. Hindutva, then, unites the Indians, not divides them. It opposes Western rationalism and globalization, which threaten the material and cultural foundations of the lives of millions of Indians who are deeply religious and patriarchal in their core, and "positions itself as a patriotic, great-power, anti-imperialist force that seeks to build a 'Shining India', a powerful state that brings the light of spirituality to all mankind. " ⁶

The VHP is headed by the President. He is elected by a Standing Committee consisting of 15 prominent Hindu figures. The Maharaja of Mysore and Maharana Mewada have been presidents at various times, and Ashok Singhal became President in 2005. He was born in Agra in 1926 and graduated from Benares Hindu University with a degree in metallurgical Engineering. He was a pracharak (mentor) of the RSS. In 1982, Singhal joined the Parishad and in 1986 became the organization's Secretary General. He is remembered for his passionate speeches in defense of Hindu shrines and the restoration of the temples of Krishna in Mathura, Rama in Ayodhya and Shiva as the "Lord of the World" in Varanasi.

The supreme body of the VHP is the Assembly of Religious Leaders. It adopts important policy documents in its sessions. There are several permanent committees. For more efficient work, the country is divided into 5 zones, and the zones are divided into regions, provinces, blocks, districts, etc. The backbone of the organization is 3 thousand functionaries ⁷. Like the pracharaks of the RSS, they have no family. Their lives are entirely devoted to serving their cause.

Members of Parishads do not pay any dues. The organization's funds are formed exclusively from voluntary donations. Financial assistance from representatives of other religious communities is not provided. The main source of financial income is the middle class.

THE FATE OF THE RAMA TEMPLE AND BRIDGE

The coordinating secretary was a young, good-natured man in his thirties. His saffron-colored clothing indicated that he belonged to Hindu religious figures. Swami Vijayanand asked me a lot about Russia. He was particularly interested in the burial of Lenin's body and the fate of the mausoleum on Red Square.

He presented me with several books and pamphlets about VCP and escorted me to the reception area, where I was met by the general secretary of this organization, Champat Rai, a physicist by profession. A veteran Hindu nationalist, he was a former pracharak of the RSS. Rai gives the impression of being a brilliant psychologist with a sharp mind and a shrewd eye. He talked about the VHP programs and answered my questions.

The Parishad runs 27 religious, social and cultural programs.

Religious programs include cow protection, construction of the Rama Temple in Ayodhya, organization of pilgrimages, training of temple priests, holding Hindu celebrations, etc. Socially-oriented projects include the construction and maintenance of schools, boarding schools, hospitals and medical centers, assistance to victims of natural disasters, promotion of vegetarianism, etc. Cultural programs include learning Sanskrit and promoting Ayurveda (ancient medicine).

The scale of the programs is demonstrated by the fact that in the Banswara district of Rajasthan alone, the Parishad has opened more than 500 schools with 25,000 students.⁸ At the same time, the organization does not receive any government subsidies or grants and does not cooperate with government officials.

One of the first VHP programs was cow protection. For Hindus, the cow is the epitome of holiness. Her murder is considered a grave crime. VHP demands that the cow be granted the status of a national animal, adopt a law banning the slaughter of cows everywhere, introduce criminal liability for those who encroach on the cow, close slaughterhouses and stop the export of beef.

India currently has 190 million cows, accounting for 14% of the global herd. Meanwhile, for every inhabitant of the country, there is only one ounce per day (28.3

grams) of milk, compared to 50 ounces in the United States, Denmark, and Switzerland ^.9 Therefore, the Parishad calls on Hindus to significantly increase the number of cattle and conduct active breeding work. Milk, curdled milk, ghee, cow dung and urine are considered sacred. VHP experts believe that medicines from the 5 mentioned products cure many diseases, and cow urine can replace pesticides. Parishad also builds farms for elderly cows, where the animals spend their last years of life. According to the organization, the most reliable protection of the cow is respect for the Hindu religion, and not being on duty near it with a machine gun or a club.

Another well-known program of the VCP involves the construction of the Rama Temple on the site of the Babur Mosque, which was demolished on December 6, 1992 by Karsevak volunteer ministers. As further events showed, this actually opened the way for Hindu nationalism to power. A December 1992 opinion poll conducted by the popular India Today magazine found that 52.6% of North Indian respondents approved of the destruction of the mosque.¹⁰ A petition for the restoration of the Rama Temple in Ayodhya, submitted to the President on May 10, 1993, contained 99.7 million signatures collected by VHP ¹¹.

Tsch. Rai told me that 60% of the stone blocks are already ready for the future temple. They are carved from light brown sandstone by masters of Rajasthan. The Rama Temple will be 82.4 m long, 41 m wide and 38 m high. It will be two-storeyed. Each floor will be decorated with 106 columns. The height of the columns on the first floor is 5 m, on the second-4.4 m. Finished blocks and columns are stored near the construction site. They are vigilantly guarded by VHP volunteers.

Parishad criticized the decision of the Lucknow Branch of the Allahabad High Court on September 30, 2010, according to which one-third of the land adjacent to the site occupied by the Babur Mosque should be transferred to the Muslim community. Where Rama was born, his temple stood and will continue to stand, VHP leaders are convinced, and this requires all 67 acres (26.8 hectares) of disputed territory.¹²

At the same time, the organization is working on another program related to the name of Rama. It is called Ram Setu, or "Bridge of Rama". We are talking about a chain of underwater rocks leading from the town of Dhanushkodi, which is located on the southern tip of Hindustan, through the Polk Strait and the Gulf of Manar to Sri Lanka. In 2005, the United Progressive Alliance (UGA) government, led by INC., decided to blow up the rocks and make the Strait accessible to large-capacity ships. These plans caused a storm of protests from Hindu religious figures, supported by the public. According to the Ramayana, the bridge over the ocean to Lanka was built by the associates of Rama with an art incomparable and incomprehensible and caused the admiration of the celestials. Its final destruction is tantamount to apostasy for the Hindus.

Within the framework of the Ram Setu program, VHP organized a broad propaganda campaign under the slogan: "Save the Rama Bridge and rebuild the Rama Temple!" and holds rallies, demonstrations, and protest marches. "Political leaders can be cowardly, but our people are brave and strong. He proved this in Ayodhya and is ready to make any sacrifice today. Europeans do not know the history of India and do not understand its culture. That's why they call Rama and Krishna mythological characters, " ¹³ said VHP leader A. Singhal. He advises the government not to waste time and find an alternative route for sea vessels.

IS THERE A VCP IN RUSSIA?

The World Council of Hindus is one of the few Hindu organizations that works among fellow believers abroad. Now its branches operate in more than 80 countries. "Hindus who live and work abroad bring progress to India," Rai said. "We want them to always remain true to the traditions of their fathers and maintain close ties with the motherland." The parishad maintains relations with compatriots belonging to other religious communities. Thanks to the VCP, many Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists who left India were introduced to the basics of Hinduism, says Indian political scientist M. Katju14.

The efforts of the Parishads are aimed at bringing together Hindu communities, which is facilitated by a broad definition of the concept of "Hinduism", which makes it possible to overcome regional, doctrinal and ritual differences, find a common approach to various problems for disparate groups of Hindus, and coordinate joint actions regardless of caste, language and other differences. Although the organization itself does not build temples abroad, it provides comprehensive assistance to Hindu communities in different countries.

VHP is well aware of the importance of religious education and patriotic education of young people. Therefore, on his initiative, classes are being opened in different cities where expat children read the Mahabharata and Ramayana, stories about Buddha and Mahavira, and get acquainted with the biographies of Mahatma Gandhi and Deputy Prime Minister of the first government of independent India Sardar Pal. They learn the history of India, the languages of its peoples and master the techniques of yoga and meditation. Traditionally, classes begin with a common prayer.

The Parishad does not object to international marriages in principle. But he denounces the position of gentile husbands who force Hindu wives to convert to Islam or Christianity. The VCP also tries to prevent new conversions and persuade converts to return to Hinduism.

Numerous Indian diasporas have developed in a number of countries. To work with them, VHP divided the world into 5 zones: America, Europe, Africa and Central Asia, Southeast Asia and Bharat (India) with neighboring countries - Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Each zone is headed by a coordinator responsible for the organization's activities on its territory. Such, for example, in the 5th zone (Bharat) is by A. Singhal.

The United States of America and the United Kingdom are of the greatest interest to VHP. Its first branches appeared in America in 1970 and now operate in 40 states. The "Thousand Families" program, which provides for the provision of medical services, is very successful there.

Hindu families of all possible mutual assistance. It covers 89 cities in the United States. The Hindu Publishing Center publishes the Hindu Vishwa magazine, a monthly newsletter and an extensive series of books on Hinduism for children and adults. Hindus living in the United States have raised and donated more than $1 million for the education of children from poor families.¹⁵

The Parishad has been working in the UK since 1972. In the former metropolis, it has 14 branches with 2,000 active members. In 1989, a congress was held in Milton Keynes, attended by 70,000 representatives of influential Hindu organizations. The Parishad does business with local authorities and helps jailed Hindus. There are 5 VHP branches in Germany with more than 1 thousand members. In Suriname, where 35% of the population is Indian, there are 70 Hindu temples, 30 secondary schools, 80 private Hindi-language schools and a yoga center16.

To my question whether VHP branches operate in Moscow and other Russian cities, Ch. Rai gave a negative answer. He confirmed that after the 1998 default, the number of Indian businessmen in Russia has significantly decreased.

BAJRANGDAL AND DURGA VAHINI

The Bajrang Dal (Squad of the strong) and Durga Vahini (Army of Durga) can be considered the Indian equivalent of the scout movement with its essential attributes-form, discipline, experienced mentors, service to a righteous idea and youthful romance of achievement.

Bajrang Dal was established in October 1984 and unites young people, whose hero was Hanuman. Durga Vahini appeared in May 1994 and is represented by young women and girls who have chosen the goddess Durga as their patroness. A formidable warrior of unearthly beauty, she masterfully wields cold weapons and defeats demons. Following her example, young people learn hand-to-hand combat techniques and do not part with sharp swords. Both youth organizations are run by Vishwa Hindu Parishad. Their goal is to protect Hinduism and Hindus.

Bajrang Dal has 2.5 thousand primary organizations with a total of 1.3 million members. The number of Durga Vahini exceeds 300 thousand people.

Political opponents spread rumors about Bajrang Dal and Durga Vahini designed to discredit Hindu nationalism and its youth wing. They are called "fascists", "Hindutva kulaks", "VHP stormtroopers", "RCC fighters", etc.and are accused of hunting down apostates from the faith and those who have entered into mixed marriages, physically reprisalizing them and receiving material rewards for each Muslim or Christian killed in skirmishes. Young nationalists are allegedly recruited in the slums; they are said to be characterized by low cultural level and mental instability.

The VHP leadership rejects accusations that the organization is involved in inciting religious and communal hatred and participating in pogroms. The long-standing history of Bajrang Dal, Durga Vahini, VHP, RCC and Sangh Parivar does not know a single document directly calling for pogroms and reprisals against non-believers. If individual members of these organizations were seen in the ranks of the rioters, it was only their own initiative that led them there. This is confirmed by the tragic events in Ayodhya in 1992, when a fanatical crowd destroyed the Babur Mosque, erected in the Middle Ages on the site of the temple of the God Rama. Eyewitnesses claim that it happened spontaneously, karsevaki acted on a whim*.

This is exactly what RSS leader Mohanrao Bhagwat had in mind when he announced in a public speech on January 10, 2011, that the RSS and the Sangha Parivar were going to get rid of "radicals" and "extremists"from now on¹⁷.

But we can't say that the volunteers Bajrang dal and Durga vahini belong to the passive extras. Outraged by the work of artist M. F. Hussain**, distorting the noble images of Hindu gods and goddesses, young Hindu nationalists launched a protest campaign that covered 298 districts of the country. During the rally in Karnavati, a local art gallery was vandalized and burned down. At that time, the artist was in London and subsequently decided not to return to India.

During the Kargil conflict in May - July 1999, caused by the actions of Pakistan, which violated the actual border in Kashmir, about 100 thousand volunteers of the strong Detachment expressed a desire to donate blood for the wounded. Thousands of volunteers were on duty in hospitals, helped restore settlements destroyed by the Pakistani army, and provided assistance to the families of dead servicemen.

THE KANDAMAL TRAGEDY

In the summer and autumn of 2008, a wave of Hindu-Christian pogroms swept across the country. It swept through Orissa and reached Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala. During the clashes, 42 people were killed and 18 thousand were injured, 154 churches were destroyed, 3,269 houses were burned and more than 50 thousand people were left homeless.¹⁸ In hot pursuit, the police detained 615 instigators and active participants of the riots, including several members of the Bajrang Dal.

The epicenter of the events was the Kandamal district in Orissa, where on August 23, masked gunmen shot a prominent Hindu religious figure, a member of the VHP, Swami Lakshmananda Saraswati. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the troubled district in early October 2008. He expressed serious concern about the situation in the state and stressed that the Hindu-Christian pogroms had "shamed" India in the eyes of the world community.¹⁹

Kandamal is located in the center of Orissa. Its population is 650 thousand people. Of these, 51.9% are owned by-

* For more information, see: Kashin V. Ayodhya-mine of delayed action / / Asia and Africa today, 2001, N 11; Kashin V. Colossus of Chandragupta, Moscow, 2009, pp. 202-210 (approx. ed.).

** One of the most famous Indian contemporary artists. He was often called the "Indian Picasso" and became famous in the late 1940s. He died in London in June of this year at the age of 95 (editor's note).

Most of them belong to the Kanda tribe, Hindus by religion, and 16.9% belong to the Pana caste, former untouchables who converted to Christianity. "Pana Christians are in a better economic position than Kanda. They are literate, and their living conditions are more favorable. The Kanda reproach them for this,"²⁰ says Sudhanshu Naik, a Bhubaneswar politician. Between 1991 and 2007 alone, the district recorded 3,574 cases of land alienation that had previously belonged to Hindus. At the same time, Christians make up 2.3% of India's population, but they own 27% of the land that is privately owned.²¹

Clashes between Hindus and Christians broke out repeatedly. Thus, in 1994, 16 people (7 Hindus and 9 Christians) were killed, 65 were injured, and 283 houses were burned in Kandamal. In December 2007, pogroms claimed the lives of 5 people, but were particularly violent. On December 24, a Hindu man and boy were stoned to death by a Christian mob. On December 25, a Hindu boy named Bhikari Sethi was attacked by several Christians near a pond. He was beaten, doused with gasoline and set on fire. The unfortunate man was miraculously saved by residents of a nearby village and taken to hospital ²². 3 Hindu temples and 4 churches were destroyed.

Kandamal is often visited by Catholic and Protestant missionaries. They do not hide their intentions to convert the local population to Christianity, but each time their plans were upset by Swami Lakshmananda and his associates. He moved to the district in 1969, established an ashram (abode, place of residence and study), several schools for Kanda children, and enjoyed great prestige in the region. Pan's mob, led by the pastor of the Rupagaon church, attacked him in 1969 and 1970, as well as in 1978, 1981 and 1999. In 2002, Swami Lakshmananda was seriously wounded in the head and was hospitalized. In 2007, Christians again threw stones at his car23. Nevertheless, Swami Lakshmananda continued to perform his duty despite numerous threats and attempts at physical violence.

On August 23, 2008, he visited one of the schools he founded to celebrate the birthday of the God Krishna - Janmashtami. In the evening, the school was surrounded by a group of unknown people in black masks. They were armed with AK-47 assault rifles, pistols and knives. There were about 30-40 of them. Breaking into the room, they tied up the guards and killed two of Lakshmananda's associates and the father of one of the pupils. The headmaster tried to save Swami and locked him in the bathroom. She barricaded the entrance, but the attackers hacked at the door with axes. They killed the brave woman, broke into the bathroom, and shot Lakshmananda. For 130 students, the holiday turned into a nightmare. They spent the night waiting to die.

All the next day, people were walking to the school where the tragic events took place. On August 26, 14 out of 30 districts of the state were involved in pogroms. The authorities did not take any effective measures to protect the civilian population.

Today, villages where Hindus and Christians once lived side by side are separated by barbed wire and police cordons. Ruins and ashes have been left on the site of many houses. Thousands of people are fleeing to refugee camps and do not want to return to their homes. They fear for their lives and the lives of their children. And this is always the case when hearts harden and hatred and revenge take over.

The websites of the VHP, RCC, Sangh Parivar and Bajrang Dal often mention tolerance, which is expressed in the recognition of the right of everyone, regardless of religion, to choose their own path to salvation.

Tolerance and religious tolerance are extremely important for a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country like India. Much remains to be done on the thorny path to the solid establishment of such a philosophy.

^{Kashin V.} 1 Pod shafranovom flagom [Under the saffron flag]. 2007, N 7.

^{Jaffrelot C.} 2 The Vishva Hindu Parishad. Structures and Strategies // Sangh Parivar. A Reader. New Delhi. 2005, p. 319.

³ Ibidem.

⁴ Vishwa Hindu Parishad (Background and Inception). New Delhi, 2004, p. 7.

^{Noorani A.G.} 5 The RSS and the BJP.A Division of Labour. New Delhi, 2008, p. 68.

^{Kutsenkov A. A.} 6 The many faces of hindutva // Vostok Publ., 2010, No. 2.

^{Puri G.} 7 Hindutva Movement and Politics. The Case of Vishwa Hindu Parishad// Mainstream, 15-21.08.2008.

⁸ Vikas Yatra of Vishwa Hindu Parishad. New Delhi. 2006, p. 376.

⁹ Ibid., p. 391.

¹⁰ India Today, 15.01.1993.

¹¹ The Challenge of Truth. New Delhi, 2002, p. VII.

¹² Frontline, 9-22.10.2010; The Hindu, 21.10.2010.

^{Puri G.} 13 Op. cit., p. 51.

^{Katju M.} 14 Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. New Delhi. 2010, p. 154.

¹⁵ Vikas Yatra of Vishwa Hindu Parishad. Op. cit., p. 220.

¹⁶ Ibid., p. 221.

¹⁷ The Indian Express, 11.01.2011.

¹⁸ The Hindustan Times, 22.04.2009.

¹⁹ The Times of India, 04.10.2008.

²⁰ Sunday Times of India, 07.09.2008.

^{Parker M.} 21 Kandhamal: A Fact File. Reports by Fact Finding Teams. New Delhi. 2009, p. 17-18.

^{Parker M.} 22 Harvest of Hate. Kandhamal in Crossfire. New Delhi. 2009, p. 120-121.

²³ Ibid., p. 110-111.

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