It is widely known that in India the process of secularization of social and political life is still incomplete, and since ancient times religious and secular elements have been closely intertwined in all spheres of life. At the same time, temples and large religious centers played a very important role in the life of Indian society, especially in the Middle Ages.

Until the twelfth century, India had no tradition of historical chronicles. The first works, which can hardly be attributed to the genre of historical, date back to the XII century. and sometimes are far from a simple enumeration of events in form. To identify the role of temples in the life of Northern India in the early Middle Ages, epigraphic material is of the greatest value as a source. Other sources are inferior to epigraphy in terms of volume and information content. Epigraphic sources are long-lived. The inscriptions are relatively well dated and localized. A lot of useful information is provided, in particular, by letters of grant on copper tablets, which in the Early Middle Ages in different parts of India and under different rulers were compiled according to a single canon. They not only recorded the legal fact of the transfer of property rights, but also carried political, ritual and ideological functions. The disadvantages of epigraphic material are its fragmentary nature and chronological discreteness [Stolyarov, 1977, p. 80], partly compensated by the number (more than 100 thousand inscriptions have been accumulated in the history of India [Ramesh, 1984, p. 14]).

In India, epigraphic material is found everywhere. For example, often finds are accompanied by earthworks. The inscriptions record dates, interesting and important events, and quote literary works. Inscriptions can be religious, votive, or gift-giving in nature. It is in the inscriptions that whole literary works have survived to this day. The typical relatedness of inscriptions and their discreteness allow researchers to look at multiple sources as a single meta-text, which, with the right approach, can provide more information than the analysis of individual inscriptions. Thus, we can say that the presence of a stable epigraphic tradition compensates for the lack of chronicles and allows the researcher to create a complete picture of the life of medieval India.

Inscriptions that reveal the socio-economic and political aspects of the existence of temples in early medieval India can be divided into three large groups: letters of gift on copper tablets; inscriptions on large objects, walls, portals, columns, statues and other architectural elements of temples; inscriptions on small objects. The most voluminous and informative are gift certificates and inscriptions on large objects. Inscriptions on small objects, on the contrary, do not always contain a lot of information, but they do reflect those aspects of Indian life that cannot be learned from gift certificates and state acts. In addition, inscriptions on small objects are much more common, and some important research results can only be obtained by a comprehensive analysis of a large array of epigraphic material.

These types of sources have been published and are being published in specialized Indian journals and works of individual researchers. Inscriptions in India have been studied since the end of the 18th century, but serious research began in the middle of the 19th century (Ramesh, 1984, p. 30). During this time, a huge number of inscriptions were accumulated, most of which were discovered in the period of IV-XIII centuries in the north of India, written in Sanskrit (grammatically not always correct), and the earliest-in Prakrit, close to Sanskrit. Local languages-Marathi, Oriya, Hindi-appear in inscriptions starting from the tenth century. Until then, scholars have only referred to the" Sanskrit era " in epigraphy (Ramesh, 1984, p. 49).

page 176
sources

Epigraphic material is most often published in scientific journals, mainly Indian, which have been published since the end of the XVIII century and are published both regularly and in issues.

An exceptional position in the field of epigraphic research is occupied by the magazine "Epigraphy Indica", published in Calcutta since 1892, consisting entirely of publications of inscriptions. The editor-in-chief of the journal is always the General Epigraphist of India. This authoritative publication presents a wide range of publications on sources from various eras and regions of India - both newly discovered inscriptions and revised positions on already published material. Such major epigraphists as F. Kielhorn, J. Buhler, J. Fleet, E. Hultzsch, V. Mirashi, H. Sastri and D. Sircar published many inscriptions in the journal, and D. P. Bhandarkar and F. Kielhorn compiled large collections of inscriptions united by one title and stretched over several volumes. To date, 42 volumes of Epigraphia Indica have been published.

Since 1975. The Indian Epigraphic Society publishes another journal devoted entirely to inscriptions - "Studies in Indian Epigraphy". Journal articles often represent studies of already published inscriptions, but there are also unique publications of new inscriptions.

Other major historical journals published in India, while not specialized in publishing epigraphy, still pay considerable attention to it and sometimes acquire the character of purely epigraphic ones.

One of the oldest journals publishing epigraphic sources is founded in 1788 by the well-known orientalist U. S. Kropotkin. Jones and founder of the Bengal Asian Society "Asiatic research or transactions of the Society, established in Bengal for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature of Asia"; currently published under the title "Journal of the Asiatic Society". The magazine constantly published ancient inscriptions not only from Bengal, but also from adjacent regions of India.

Such publications also include the Indian Antiquary, a magazine published in Bombay from 1872 to 1933, which published both comments on already published inscriptions and its own publications. Such researchers of the second half of the 19th century as R. G. Bhandarkar [Bhandarkar, 1872 (1); Bhandarkar, 1872 (2)] collaborated with the journal] and G. Buhler, whose publications should be particularly noted (Bühler, 1875; Bühler, 1876). The journal published the works of Zh. Vogel, and J. Fleet has written a good series of articles on South Indian inscriptions for the Indian Antiquary.

The numerous publications of the Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society, published in Patna since 1915, are important for this topic. Bihar and Orissa are known for their large temple complexes and provide epigraphists with a lot of research material. Historical articles were published in the journal, and small essays devoted to individual inscriptions are combined on the pages of the publication with informative reviews covering a whole complex of inscriptions at once (Sastri-Banerji, 1930). The magazine is known by various names, as it has a difficult history of its existence.

The Indian Historical Quarterly, which was briefly published in Calcutta in the mid-twentieth century, contains not only good publications of inscriptions [Chakladar, 1928], but also general historical articles, for example, on the theory of ancient Indian property rights [Ganguli, 1925].

Since 1937, the Indian Historical Congress has been held annually, as a result of which a collection of articles "Proceedings of the Indian Historical Congress"is published. A relatively small part of the journal is devoted to epigraphy and archeology of medieval India, but there are interesting articles-both analytical, devoted to epigraphic material or various aspects of the existence of temples in India, and review articles covering the latest discoveries in this area and scientific works.

Since 1919, the Eastern Conference has been held in Pune. The Proceedings of the All-India Oriental Conference, published after each conference, often feature early medieval inscriptions.

The yearbook "Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute"published by the Bhandarkar Institute in Pune is of great value to researchers of early Medieval epigraphy. This periodical publishes both inscriptions and articles covering various aspects of the history of medieval India.

Since 1951, the Annual Report on Indian epigraphy has been published annually in Calcutta with a list and useful brief background information on all the latest inscriptions found.

Among the journals of other countries with publications on ancient Indian inscriptions, it is worth noting "Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes", " Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen

page 177
Gesellschaft" и "Journal of the American Oriental Society". Although these journals still exist, almost all the articles about medieval India were published in them in the 19th century.

The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland has published The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in Cambridge since 1834. Today, the magazine is published three times a year. It published important articles on Indian epigraphic sources, including those from the early Middle Ages. In addition to articles, the journal published reviews of new scientific papers. Among the publications of Indian inscriptions, it is worth noting a series with translations of large medieval charters made by U. A. R. Tolkien. Wathen [Wathen, 1835; Wathen, 1836; Wathen, 1837; Wathen, 1839].

It is also necessary to mention the fundamental academic publication "Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum" (1877-1961), which is an excellent source on the political, socio-economic and cultural history of India during the times of the Mauryas, Guptas and other ancient dynasties. The Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum was published in thematic volumes devoted entirely to inscriptions of a particular dynasty. Thus, volumes dedicated to the Pallava, Western Gangetic and Maukhari dynasties were released. To date, seven volumes have been published, many of them in several issues.

In addition to specialized journals, there are separate books devoted to epigraphy. Translations are accompanied by detailed comments and additions. One of the most famous Indian epigraphists is D. C. Sircar. Of great value to researchers are his books "Indian Epigraphy" [Sircar, 1965], "Some Epigraphical Records of the Medieval Period from Eastern India" [Sircar, 1979] and the two-volume anthology "Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization", in which the author selected for each period of the history and region of India the most interesting texts. interesting and informative inscriptions (Sircar, 1942; Sircar 1983). We should also mention the following books, almost entirely devoted to the publication of inscriptions: Hira Lal "Inscriptions in CR and Berar" [Hira Lai, 1932], M. Sharma "Inscriptions of Ancient Assam" [Sharma M., 978], R. Mukherjee and S. K. Maithi "Corpus of Bengal Inscriptions", which is a collection of already published works. There are no published inscriptions on the history of Bengal with a few comments (Mukherji and Maity, 1967). Majumdar, in his "Inscriptions of Bengal", tried to collect all the Bengali inscriptions and published some of them with facsimiles and detailed descriptions (Majumdar, 1929).

The Orissa inscriptions of the early Middle Ages were collected and published by S. N. Rajaguru in the books "Inscriptions of Orissa" (Rajaguru, 1960) and "Inscriptions of the Temples of Puri and Origin of Sri Purusottama Jagannath" (Rajaguru, 1992). Books by D. Sharma "Kamarupasasanavali" [Sharma D., 1981], P. B. Pandey " Historical and Literary Inscriptions "[Pandey, 1962], A.M. Shastri "Inscriptions of the [Shastri A., 1995], B. N. Mukherjee" and Inscriptions in West Bengal " [Mukherjee, 1990] and W. Singh's work " Kings, Brahmanas, and Temples in Orissa: an Epigraphic Study (300-1147 C. E.)" (Singh, 1990) is also devoted to publications of medieval inscriptions.

Good editions of inscriptions are constantly published. Thus, a large book by J. R. R. Tolkien was recently published. Аггравалы "Inscriptions of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Kashmir and Adjoining Hilly Tracts" [Agrawal, 2001].

HISTORIOGRAPHY

Of particular interest among works on the history of India are works that describe various aspects of the existence of Indian temples in the early Middle Ages on the basis of various sources. However, despite all the variety of works on the socio-political and economic history of India, there are few such works that pay attention to temples and epigraphic sources themselves.

B. N. Sharma's book "Social Life in Northern India (A.D. 600 - 1000)" is devoted to the social life of Indians in the Middle Ages, which extensively covers the life of medieval Indians, discusses in detail the issues of education, religious rituals, pilgrimage, and economic aspects of the existence of villages on temple lands (Sharma B. N., 1966).

In the book p. In addition to a detailed account of the political history of the North Indian Gahadawal dynasty, one can find a good overview of the socio-economic relations in the Gahadawal lands and the interaction of the rulers with major temples, including the Varanasi temple complexes, and a detailed analysis of Indian economic terms of the Middle Ages (Niyogi, 1959).

page 178
A significant work on land relations in medieval India is R. S. Sharma's collection of lectures "Indian Feudalism: pp. 300-1200", which describes the history of land relations in medieval India, examines economic, political and legal issues related to temple land ownership. R. S. Sharma believes that it is with land grants to Brahmins that history begins Indian feudalism. In addition, since the epigraphic material contains practically no data on secular land grants, the material for their study should be recorded religious donations. The author believes that there were no fundamental differences between the terms of land grants to officials and temple servants, but only the latter are reflected in the sources. In addition to the traditional emphasis of other authors on the importance of temples in economic and political life, R. S. Sharma emphasizes the important role of temples in the development of remote corners of India and the introduction of civilization to backward tribes [Sharma R., 1965, p. 270], which contributed to the cultural and social integration of the country [Sharma R., 1974]. Politically, of course, feudalism led to the decentralization of power.

A brief history of the evolution of land relations in India from antiquity to the arrival of the British can be found in the work of Irfan Habib "The Social Distribution of Landed Property in Pre-British India" (Habib I., 1974).

The complex tax system of medieval India, which is important for this study, is well described in the work of P. Udgaonkar "The political institutions and administration of Northern India during medieval times (from 750 to 1200 A.D.)". The chapters devoted to administrative management in India practically do not touch on the topic of the relationship between temples and secular power. Instead, the chapter on taxes covers all types of taxes in detail, including those that temples may have paid or collected. A detailed description of the types of taxes is very important, since the epigraphic material contains many different fiscal terms (Udgaonkar, 1969).

A valuable monograph covering the topic of this review is P. Chowdhury's dissertation "The history of civilization of the people of Assam to the 12th century A.D.", which deals with various aspects of medieval Assam. The book contains a list of the most important inscriptions for studying the history of Assam, a detailed description of the land and tax relations of temples with local authorities. The author analyzes the role of the temple in social life, gives examples of the great importance of temples and monasteries for the development of the educational and cultural level of Assamese residents (Choudhury, 1966).

Speaking about the life of temples in early medieval India, not all researchers pay enough attention to pilgrimage, which sometimes played a significant role in the life of large temples. It was the mass pilgrimage to especially revered temples that turned them into the richest economic centers that had a certain political influence. One of the chapters of B. Mazumdar's dissertation "The socio-economic History of Northern India (11th and 12th centuries)"is entirely devoted to the pilgrimage. The author analyzes the meaning of pilgrimage, the relationship of pilgrimage centers with the authorities, and describes the main historical sources on this issue. The work as a whole is an excellent detailed overview of the economic and educational systems in ancient India, describes the way of life and moral norms of that time (Mazumdar, 1960).

M. Habib's work "Politics and society during the early medieval period" describes the cultural and social life of medieval India. Although a significant place in the book is devoted to the problems of Islam in medieval India, the author draws attention to some economic aspects of the existence of Hindu temples [Habib M., 1974].

In his two-volume dissertation on the chronology of medieval dynasties "The dynastic history of Northern India", H. Ray analyzes the existing epigraphic and numismatic material and builds chronological and genealogical tables of medieval rulers on its basis. The author raises the problem of dating inscriptions. The years of the reign of the tsars proposed by him sometimes differ from those given earlier in other scientific works. The work is divided into chapters devoted to specific geographical regions of India. Each chapter is provided with a detailed map with ancient and modern names and marked locations of inscriptions. Each chapter describes in detail the most important inscriptions of this region (Ray, 1973). Unfortunately, the author's third volume, dedicated to socio-economic history, was not published due to the death of the researcher. But even without the latter part, the work is of great interest.

Noting the works of the last few years devoted to the history of socio-economic relations in early medieval India, it is necessary to mention such a well-known indologist as Ramila Thapar. A separate chapter of her book "Early India from the origins to AD 1300" in its entirety

page 179
It is devoted to the role of temples and their place in the life of Indian society. The author pays special attention to feudalism and land relations, in particular the donation of land to temples, traces the historical roots of the tradition of land grants, examines the issues of power struggles, relations of dependence between rajas and Brahmins, abbots of temples and monasteries, shows the high level of power and authority that temples possessed in medieval India. In addition to land relations, the author examines the role of temples in the economic and cultural life of India. In general, in the work of R. Thapar one chapter lists many meanings and functions of temples in ancient India, which is quite rare in scientific works on the socio-economic and political history of medieval India, because many researchers are not looking for features, but for an "ordinary" state, the relationship in which can be described by some general theory [Thapar, 2002].

Among the domestic works on the subject under consideration, the most information about various aspects of the existence of early Medieval Indian temples is provided by the books: "History of India in the Middle Ages" [History of India..., 1968]," Medieval India "[Alaev, 2003] and" Jagannath's Chariot " [Rukavishnikova, 1983].

L. B. Alaev describes the socio-economic and political history of India in the Middle Ages, paying much attention to the issues of land ownership, ancient forms of property and their evolution. He identifies two main ancient forms of ownership - communal and individual peasant ownership [Istoriya Indii..., 1968, p. 114], and traces their changes. In the Middle Ages, L. B. Alaev considers two forms of land ownership: in one case, the owner could collect taxes, but the right to dispose of land remained in the hands of peasants; in the other, the owner could dispose of land, but was obliged to pay taxes to the treasury. In both cases, the land was issued for public service [Istoriya Indii..., 1968, p. 116]. The author examines in detail the history of Brahmin and temple land ownership on the example of the main sources. The article reveals the thesis that temples in medieval India were the centers of economic and cultural life of the country.

N. F. Rukavishnikova's book gives a good description of the relationship of the Jagannath temple complex in Orissa with secular authorities and pilgrims and the role of the temple in the political life of medieval India.

METHODOLOGY

Turning to the methodology of epigraphic research, we should first mention the book "Political centers and cultural regions in early Bengal" by B. M. Morrison, a specialist in Bengali epigraphy, in which he structures and analyzes gift inscriptions, identifying political centers based on their study. In addition to the main part, where the religious grant of land to temples is discussed in detail, the book is valuable as a reference material - thematic tables on donors and recipients of land taken from inscriptions from different times and regions of Bengal (Morrison, 1970). In addition, Morrison compiled a catalog of the inscriptions used in the book with a brief description and a link to publications.

Among foreign researchers, I would also like to mention K. Ramesh with his book "Indian epigraphy". This is not so much a single scientific work as a collection of the author's comments and ideas on epigraphy, in which he addresses the problems of finding and losing inscriptions, raises questions about their correct dating and chronology, systematizes them by language and location, and gives a brief overview of the history of epigraphy in India. The author also discusses new approaches to the study of epigraphic material (Ramesh, 1984).

K. A. Antonova's article "On the development of feudalism in India (according to epigraphy data)"was the first among Russian methodological and source studies on the epigraphy of India. The author accepts the idea that spiritual and secular land use practically did not differ in form and in essence. Moreover, some land grants to the clergy, the author believes, could have been granted for ordinary secular administrative work, although they were still issued as religious and recorded on copper plates. K. A. Antonova analyzes the forms of land grants and commodity-money relations associated with spiritual land ownership, and extrapolates conclusions to secular land ownership. The paper reveals the relationship of churches with the trade and craft segments of the population, in particular, describes the duties in favor of churches (Antonova, 1952).

One of the most significant works of a major Russian scholar on the history of medieval India, E. M. Medvedev, is "The Evolution of the form of Indian gift certificates and their use".

page 180
origin (III-XII centuries)". In this article, the author traces the history of the formation of the rules for drawing up charters to dharmashastras, gives a brief classification of charters. The typical formula of a deed of gift and its evolution derived in detail in this paper is particularly important. The paper also deals with the problems of forged certificates and cases of gift withdrawal (Medvedev, 1963).

E. M. Medvedev is the author of two works devoted to the economic aspects of the existence of temples in medieval India: "On commodity-money relations in an Indian city in the second half of the 1st millennium AD" and " On the question of land ownership forms in Northern India in the VI-VII centuries (according to epigraphy)". The first article is polemical in nature. E. M. Medvedev denies the postulate that in the second half of the first millennium in Indian cities there was a decline in commodity-money relations and the naturalization of the economy. Presenting his evidence based, in particular, on epigraphic material, the researcher touches on the theme of the temple's participation in the economic life of the Indian medieval city and analyzes the ways of capital accumulation practiced by temples, for example, investing money in real estate, shops and workshops (Medvedev, 1980). In the second article, the author is interested in various forms of spiritual and secular land ownership, issues of immunity of granted lands and tax benefits. The source for the research is gift certificates on copper plates. Medvedev draws a parallel between spiritual and secular landholdings, saying that their legal status is similar, which brings the scientific work closer to the cited works of K. A. Antonova and P. S. Sharma (Medvedev, 1959).

Two works by A. A. Stolyarov are of great methodological importance: "Some features of the socio-political development of the Palov state (Northern India, VIII-XII centuries). Experience of systematic analysis of epigraphy" and " Ways to optimize the analysis of medieval epigraphy (on the example of North Indian charters)". The first is devoted to socio-political history, and it does not directly address issues related to the role of the temple in the life of medieval India, but it provides important methodological notes and evidence for the need for a comprehensive study of the full set of sources. Using concrete examples, A. A. Stolyarov shows the advantage of this method over sample studies. Moreover, some conclusions can be obtained only by systematic analysis of multiple sources (Stolyarov, 1977).

In the second paper, the author examines the accumulated array of letters of grant issued in the V-XIII centuries and notes the absence of structured complex lists of inscriptions. This is due to the lack of clear criteria for scientific description. The paper presents 12 most optimal, in the author's opinion, criteria for describing documents that are close to the elements of the typical formula of gift certificates derived by E. M. Medvedev [Medvedev, 1963, pp. 178-179]. A similar logical scheme for describing the inscription is given in the article "Creating a logical database model of a thematic epigraphic complex (on the example of North Indian Early Medieval chartered letters)" (Stolyarov, 2006).

L. B. Alaev in his article "On the methodology of content analysis of Indian epigraphy" examines the problems that arise in the study of epigraphic material. The author considers different ways of interpreting inscriptions, says that it is necessary to use cataloging methods and quantitative analysis of the content of inscriptions. The importance of using historical cartography methods at the cataloging stage is emphasized. L. B. Alaev draws out the main techniques when working with terms found in inscriptions, without which the researcher can significantly distort the picture of reality [Alaev, 2006].

* * *

In conclusion, we can say that there are quite a lot of sources on the history of temples in early medieval India. The layer of epigraphic material on this topic is large; over the past two centuries, texts of various inscriptions have been published quite often in scientific journals and monographs. However, with a large volume of sources of comprehensive works on this topic, there are practically no sources. There are works entirely devoted to the life of temples, but in such studies, the authors do not pay much attention to the study of epigraphic material. In more general works, the role of temples in the life of early medieval Indian society is not always fully revealed. Unfortunately, there are not many published methodological works devoted to the methods and rules of analysis of Indian epigraphic material.

page 181
list of literature

Alaev L. B. On the methodology of content analysis of Indian epigraphy // Teoriya i metody issledovaniya vostochnoy epigrafiki [Theory and methods of research in Eastern epigraphy].
Alaev L. B. Srednevekovaya Indiya [Medieval India], St. Petersburg, 2003.
Antonova K. A. K voprosu o razvitii feodalizma v Indii (po dannym epigrafiki) [On the question of the development of feudalism in India (according to epigraphy)]. 1952. Vol. 3.

Istoriya Indii v sredniye veka [History of India in the Middle Ages].

Medvedev E. M. K voprosu o formy zemlevedeniya v Severnoi Indii v VI-VII vekakh (po dannym epigrafiki) [On the question of land science forms in Northern India in the VI-VII centuries (according to epigraphy data)]. 1959. N 1.

Medvedev E. M. On commodity-money relations in the Indian city of the second half of the 1st millennium AD. Commodity-money relations under feudalism, Moscow, 1980.
Medvedev E. M. Evolyutsiya formy indiskikh darstvennykh gramot i ikh proiskhozhdeniye (III-XII vv.) [Evolution of the form of Indian gift certificates and their origin (III-XII vv.)]. Istoriya i kul'tura Drevnoi Indii, Moscow, 1963.
Rukavishnikova N. F. Jagannath's Chariot, Moscow, 1983.
Stolyarov A. A. Some features of socio-political development of the Palov state (Northern India, VIII-XH centuries). Opyt sistemnogo analiza epigrafiki [Experience of system analysis of epigraphy]. 1977. N4.

Stolyarov A. A. Ways to optimize the analysis of medieval epigraphy (on the example of North Indian Early Medieval chartered letters) // Epigraphy of the East. XXV issue. Moscow, 1998.

Stolyarov A. A. Creation of a logical database model of a thematic epigraphic complex (on the example of North Indian early medieval chartered letters) // Teoriya i metody issledovaniya vostochnoy epigrafiki [Theory and methods of research in Eastern epigraphy].
Agrawal J. Researches in Indian Epigraphy and numismatics. Delhi, 1986.

Agrawal J. Inscriptions of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Kashmir and Adjoining Hilly Tracts. New Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research, 2001.

Bhandarkar R. G. A or Ancient Copper plate Grant from // Indian antiquary. Vol. 1. Bombey, 1872.

Bhandarkar R. G. On Two Copper plates from Valabhi // Indian Antiquary. Vol. 1. Bombey, 1872.

Bühler J.G. A grant of King Dhruvasena I of // Indian Antiquary. Vol. 4. Bombey, 1875.

Bühler J.G. Inscriptions from // Indian Antiquary. Vol. 5. Bombey, 1876.

Chakladar H.C. Valipattana Plates of Saka-samvat 932 // Indian Historical Quarterly. Vol. 4. Calcutta, 1928.

Choudhury P.C. The history of civilization of the people of Assam to the 12th century A. D. Gauhati, 1966.

Ganguli J.N.C. Hindu Theory of Property // Indian Historical Quarterly. Vol. 1. Calcutta, 1925.

Habib I. The Social Distribution of Landed Property in Pre-British India // Indian Society: Historical Probings (In Memory of D. D. Kosambi). New Delhi, 1974.

Habib M. Politics and Society during the early medieval Period. N. Delhi, 1974.

Hira Lai R.B. Inscriptions in C.P. and Berar. Nagpur, 1932.

Majumdar N. G. Inscriptions of Bengal. Rajshahi, 1929.

Mazumdar B.P. The socio-economic History of Northern India (11th and 12th century). Calcutta, 1960.

Morrison B.M. Political Centres and Cultural Regions in Early Bengal. Arizona, 1970.

Mukherjee B.N. Inscriptions in West Bengal. Calcutta, 1990.

Mukherji R., Maity S.K. Corpus of Bengal Inscriptions Bearing on History and Civilization of Bengal. Calcutta, 1967.

Niyogi R. The History of the Dynasty. Calcutta, 1959.

Pandey R.B. Historical and Literary Inscriptions. Varanasi, 1962.

Rajaguru S.N. Inscriptions of Orissa (C. 600 - 1100 A.D.). Bhubaneswar, 1960.

Rajagura S.N. Inscriptions of the Temples of Puri and Origin of Sri Purusottama Jagannath. Srivihar, 1992.

Ramesh K.V. Indian Epigraphy. Delhi, 1984.

Ray H.C. The dynastic history of Northern India (early mediaeval period). Delhi, 1973.

Sastri-Banerji A. Ninety-three inscriptions on the Kurkihar Bronzes // Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society. Vol. 26. 1930.

page 182
Singh U. Kings, Brahmanas, and Temples in Orissa: an Epigraphic Study (300 - 1147 C.E.). Montreal: McGill University, 1990.

Sharma B.N. Social Life in Northern India (A.D. 600 - 1000). Delhi, 1966.

Sharma D. Kamarupasasanavali. Gauhati, 1981.

Sharma M.M. Inscriptions of Ancient Assam. Gauhati, 1978.

Sharma R.S. Indian Feudalism (C. 300 - 1200). Calcuta, 1965.

Sharma R.S. Material Milieu of Tantricism // Indian Society: Historical Probings (In Memory of D.D. Kosambi). New Delhi, 1974.

Shastri A.M. Inscriptions of the N. Delhi, 1995.

Sircar D.C. Indian Epigraphy. Delhi, 1965.

Sircar D.C. Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilisation. Vol. 1. Calcutta, 1942; Vol. 2. Delhi, 1983.

Sircar D.C. Some Epigraphial Records of the Medieval Period from Eastern India. New Delhi, 1979.

Thapar R. Early India from the origins to A.D. 1300. Los Angeles, 2002.

Udgaonkar P.B. The political institutions and administration of Northern India during medieval times (from 750 to 1200 A.D.). Delhi, 1969.

Wathen W.H. Ten ancient inscription on stone and copper found on the western side of India // The Journal of Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1835; Vol. 3. Cambridge, 1836; Vol. 4. Cambridge, 1837; Vol. 5. Cambridge, 1839.

Permanent link to this publication: