Libmonster ID: IN-269

NEF, J. U. The Progress of Technology and the Growth of large scale Industry in Great Britain, 1540 - 1640. - "The Economic History Review". 1934, October, pp. 3 - 24.

НЕФ, Прогресс технологии и развитие крупной промышленности Великобритании 1540 - 1640.

С тех пор как пятьдесят лет тому назад были изданы знаменитые лекции Тойнби ("Lectures on the industrial in England", 1884), понятие "промышленная революция" успело утратить значительную часть своего "революционного характера" - вот основное положение, которое Неф вслед за рядом других английских историков (G. Unwin, E. Lipson, H. L. Beales и др.) пытается доказать в своей статье. "Прогресс технологии" и рост крупной промышленности при Тюдорах и первых Стюартах в столетие, предшествовавшее великой буржуазной революции, были, по мнению Нефа, вряд ли менее значительными чем... с половины XVIII в. до парламентской реформы 1832 года. Неф пытается домазать эту точку зрения путем ссылок на развитие каменноугольной, металлургической и некоторых других видов промышленности в XVI - XVII вв., на введение новых капиталистически организованных отраслей, применение новых технических методов, заимствованных из Германии или вновь изобретенных, на происходившую в Великобритании с 1540 по 1640 г. реорганизацию производства, быстрый рост крупной промышленности, правда, не в форме "фабричной системы": большинство рабочих работало еще надому у себя и не было объединено предпринимателем под крышей одного здания... Но даже и это "большинство" не было, по мнению Нефа, столь преобладающим, как ранее полагали.

Что хочет всем этим доказать Неф? Он пытается убедить, что "рост индустриализма" в Великобритании был длинным, медленным прогрессом, шедшим с середины XVI до конца XIX в.; что ничего "революционного", внезапного и катастрофического в развитии промышленного капитализма не было, что понятие "промышленная революция" - вообще "неподходящий" термин для объяснения причин триумфа "индустриалистической цивилизации" в Великобритании. На самом деле рост индустриализма в Великобритании был, по Нефу, "более непрерывным" процессом чем в какой-либо другой стране, и контраст между Великобританией и континентальными странами в отношении промышленного развития в конце XVIII и начале XIX в. был, как это допускает Неф, менее ярко выражен, чем в течение двух предшествовавших "промышленной революции" веков. Стоит отметить, что эти попытки "ревизии" термина "промышленная революция" встречают сочувствие не только среди английских, но и французских историков (см. заметку H. Hauser "La premiere "revolution" industrielle anglaise" в "Annales d'histoire economique et sociale", 1936, N37. pp. 71 - 74); ее автор в статье Нефа находит подтверждение собственной точки зрения на развитие крупной промышленности во Франции еще при "старом порядке". И однако все же они основаны на непонимании существа промышленной революции XVIII в., существа той революции, которую Маркс связывает с введением машин, заменивших работу рук действием нового, революционизировавшего производство, исполнительного механизма ("Капитал". Т. I, гл. 13-я, стр. 281). О взглядах Маркса, впрочем, Неф предпочитает вообще не упоминать, приписывая введение термина "промышленная революция" Тойнби. Весьма также характерно что с непониманием существа промышленной революции у ряда английских историков, рассматривающих "прогресс индустриализма" в качестве "непрерывного" и эволюционного, связаны их попытки оправдать капиталистическую систему, снять с нее все упреки и обвинения.


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В. ЛАВРОВСКИЙ, NEF J. U. THE PROGRESS OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE GROWTH OF LARGE SCALE INDUSTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1540 - 1640 // Delhi: India (ELIB.ORG.IN). Updated: 04.12.2017. URL: https://elib.org.in/m/articles/view/NEF-J-U-THE-PROGRESS-OF-TECHNOLOGY-AND-THE-GROWTH-OF-LARGE-SCALE-INDUSTRY-IN-GREAT-BRITAIN-1540-1640 (date of access: 09.03.2026).

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