Libmonster ID: IN-1223
Author(s) of the publication: V. P. Kashin

V. P. Kashin

Candidate of Historical Sciences Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences

India Keywords:Narendra ModiBharatiya janata parties. Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Gujarat. Rashtriya swayamsevak sangh

At the entrance to Gandhinagar, the administrative center of Gujarat, guests are greeted by a portrait of Narendra Modi, whose strong management hand and iron will in a short time turned this western border region into a leader in India's economic development. Unlike Delhi and Mumbai, Ahmedabad, the state's largest metropolis of five million people, with its wide avenues, numerous glass and concrete structures, and billionaire Theta's shopping and entertainment complexes, is bustling with business and no slums. All the residents seem to be middle-class. Even on public transport, they hurriedly open their laptops and vividly discuss stock quotes. Bright charismatic personality and best State Chief Minister in India in 2006 and 2011 (according to the popular India Today magazine) Narendra Modi is considered the main contender for the post of Prime Minister of the country from the opposition National Democratic Alliance, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party), or BJP.

However, political opponents argue that the state he heads is experiencing many serious problems, and Modi himself should be held responsible for the Hindu-Muslim pogroms of a decade ago and resign.

CHARACTER BUILDING

The son of post-colonial India, Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on September 17, 1950 in Vadnagar, a small town in northern Gujarat. The traditional occupation of the Ghanchi caste, to which the Modi belong, is the production and sale of vegetable oil and other foodstuffs. For a long time, the family of our hero huddled on the outskirts of the city in a clay hut without windows. The only source of light in it was a kerosene lamp.

Like his older brothers, Narendra attended the Bhagavatacharya School. According to teachers, he was a diligent student and took part in the activities of the school theater and discussion club. After school, the young man usually studied in the library or hurried to the railway station, where he helped his father sell vegetarian cakes and hot tea. When his mother was ill, Narendra cooked for the whole family.

The main character trait of the future leader was a sense of responsibility. He was eager to train lagging classmates, feed wandering ascetics, and once ventured across a crocodile-infested lake and replaced a faded flag on the tower of a Hindu temple with a new one. When another war broke out between India and Pakistan in 1965, he enlisted in a battalion protecting a station that was being raided by Pakistani aircraft.

Narendra considered Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), a prominent thinker and public figure in India, to be his spiritual teacher. Service to man

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he raised it to the rank of a religious duty. Swami Vivekananda took an interest in the needs of the underprivileged population, advocating for their liberation, economic prosperity, education and active participation in the life of the country. He had a great influence on the social and political thought of twentieth-century India and its representatives, such as B. G. Tilak, M. K. Gandhi, and J. R. R. Tolkien.Nehru et al.

At the age of 17, Narendra left home and school and set out on foot in search of the truth. I haven't heard from him in two years. Along the way, he learned to overcome difficulties and hardships and met many interesting people. He lived side by side with the ascetics and conversed with them for a long time. The journey broadened his horizons, hardened his character.

The young man returned to Vadnagar without warning. Surprised relatives asked him where he had been for so long. Narendra replied: "In the Himalayas." All he had on him was a bag with a change of clothes and a picture of Mother 1.

The next day, Narendra left for Ahmedabad. There, he worked for a transportation company before joining the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Union of Voluntary Servants of the Nation), or RSS, the oldest and most influential organization of Hindu nationalism. Its purpose is to protect the community, dharma (morality, religious duty in Hinduism) and Hindu culture, and its strength is in discipline 2. In 1972, he became the pracharak of the RCC. Pracharaks form the backbone of the organization. Their life is entirely devoted to serving the community, they do not have a family. At the same time, he graduated as an external student from Delhi University, where he studied history and Sanskrit, the language of religious and philosophical writings in ancient India.

PRACHARAK RSS

Any task of the organization, whether it was holding a demonstration against the slaughter of cows considered sacred by Hindus, raising funds for the "victims of Indira Gandhi's authoritarian rule" fund, or booking seats on buses and trains for RCC members, the young pracharak tried to fulfill

very carefully. In 1973, a Revival Movement (Navnirman) swept Gujarat, and Narendra led students to demand the dismissal of corrupt officials and lower prices for consumer goods. During clashes with the police, 42 people were killed. In January 1974, under pressure from demonstrators, Delhi announced the dissolution of the state Legislative Assembly.

The Navnirman movement was supported by a prominent political and public figure in India, Jayaprakash Narayan, who united opponents of the monopoly rule of the Indian National Congress (I) party-INC (I) - under the slogans of "total revolution" and"democratization of political life". He visited Ahmedabad and Narendra met with him. In June 1975, legislative elections were held in Gujarat, where the Congress was defeated. The Janata Front (People's Front) bloc came to power as part of several opposition parties, including the political wing of the RSS - Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Indian People's Union).

In response, June 26, 1975 Indira Gandhi has declared a state of emergency in the country. It lasted for 19 months and was accompanied by reprisals. 160 thousand participants of the protest campaign, including 105 thousand members of the RCC, were behind bars. Narendra escaped arrest thanks to a skillful conspiracy. He was sometimes seen in the saffron garb of a pilgrim, sometimes in the turban of a Sikh. On one occasion, he visited fellow prisoners in prison, posing as the prisoner's spouse. 3

During the state of emergency, he held protest rallies, distributed leaflets, helped the families of arrested comrades, and was responsible for communication between opposition parties in the region. When Indira Gandhi decided to hold an international conference of parliamentarians of the (British)World Parliament in Delhi Modi delivered pamphlets critical of the Prime Minister's domestic policies to the capital and distributed them to its participants. He described these events in the book" Gujarat in the Year of Trials", published in 1997 in Gujarati.

In 1978, Modi took over the leadership of the RCC in Eastern Gujarat. He took part in the aftermath of the flood that led to the flooding of the city of Morbi, and remained there until the complete restoration of communications. His work was highly appreciated by the leadership, and in 1985 he was assigned to organizational work in the Bharatiya Janata Party, established in 1980 on the basis of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

PARTY FUNCTIONARY

Modi's career in the political arena began with the yatra, a crowded procession that has a great propaganda effect. In 1987 and 1989. They passed through the territory of Gujarat and provided the BJP with broad support from the population. Subsequent Modi-organized yat'ras covered several states of the country. The first, led by BJP Chairman Lal Krishna Advani, marched from the Shiva Temple in Somnath to the capital city of Rama Ayodhya in 1990-1991, and the second, led by the new chairman of the Murli party, Manohar Joshi, from Cape Kanyakumari to Kashmir in 1991-1992. Modi accompanied Advani to Bombay (since 1995 - Mumbai), and with Joshi did the entire route, refusing body armor and bodyguards in Kashmir. The yatra was vividly discussed in the Indian media. They were an important stage in preparing public opinion for the demolition of the Babur Mosque in Ayodhya on December 6, 1992, and the subsequent rise to power of Hindu nationalists in Delhi.

In 1992, Modi was one of the 17 members of the BJP's election committee. With his direct involvement, the party strengthened its position in the legislative assemblies of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. It was particularly successful in his homeland, winning 122 seats out of 182, while the Congress won only 45 seats. Keshubhai Patel became the Chief Minister of Gujarat.

page 54

In November 1995, Modi was appointed National Secretary of the BJP. He was responsible for the party's work in Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. He was rarely seen in Delhi. He moved from place to place, held meetings, rallies, conferences. He displayed personal modesty, was considered an opponent of comfort, and was content with a room in the party dorm. When a helicopter was sent for him in Jammu and Kashmir, he took a train or a regular bus.

In the 1996 elections, the BJP won 23.5% of the vote and 161 seats in Parliament. Following the 1998 elections, the party and its National Democratic Alliance formed a Government. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a veteran of the party, became Prime Minister. In 1998-2001. Narendra Modi served as the General Secretary of the BJP. Along with a variety of organizational work, he served as the party's press attache and enjoyed the great confidence of the Prime Minister. In early October 2001. Vajpayee unexpectedly invited him to return to Gujarat and take over the state government. This was due to the aggravation of the conflict between Keshubhai Patel and the regional party leadership, as well as in connection with the upcoming legislative assembly elections. On 7 October 2001, Narendra Modi assumed the post of Chief Minister of Gujarat.

DIFFICULT START

The new appointment did not take Modi by surprise. His extensive experience in the center and in the field and his excellent knowledge of Gujarat allowed him to carry out the most ambitious plans. But it was a difficult start.

On January 26, 2001, Gujarat experienced a devastating earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale. More than 19 thousand people were killed, the number of wounded exceeded 167 thousand. About 1,140,000 buildings were destroyed and damaged. There was a hotline in Modi's office. Under his control, 2,200 homes were put into operation every day. First of all, schools and hospitals were built.

On 27 February 2002, at Godhra station, a crowd of 1,200 Muslim extremists threw stones and petrol bottles at the S - 6 car of the Sabarmati Express train, which was carrying activists of the Ayodhya Rama Temple Restoration movement back to Ahmedabad. The fire killed 57 passengers, including 25 women and 14 children. News of the tragedy quickly spread around the area. Pogroms broke out in Muslim neighborhoods. Their first victims were former INC (I) MP Ihsan Zafri and his neighbors. Terrified, people abandoned their homes and fled to makeshift refugee camps. 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed in the clashes.

The number of victims of the pogroms could have been much higher if not for the prompt measures taken by the Government. It has declared a state of emergency in the state. Two army brigades arrived to help the law enforcement agencies. To disperse the looters, the soldiers opened fire to kill. 25 thousand rioters were arrested and 75 thousand were detained for preventive purposes. On March 3, Modi reported to Delhi that the situation had stabilized. But the killings in Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Bharuch continued for another three days4.

Opposition leaders demanded Modi's immediate resignation. He was accused of inciting religious and communal hatred, genocide of the Muslim minority and criminal inaction during the pogroms. The "Concerned Citizens' Tribunal "led by former Judge Krishna Iyer declared the S-6 train fire to be an internal fire and called Modi the "mastermind" of the 5 tragedy. Despite harsh criticism from the opposition, Gujarat supported the Chief Minister and the BJP in the December 2002 elections, which won 127 seats in the Legislative Assembly.

It is significant that the decision of the Ahmedabad Special Court, issued in February 2011, treats the attack on the train in Godhra as a criminal conspiracy. It was organized by a group of representatives of the local Muslim community. To set fire to the S-6 car, the conspirators needed 140 liters of gasoline. The court sentenced 11 organizers and active participants of the atrocity to death and 20 to life imprisonment.6 Some of the accused are still hiding in third countries. Modi has repeatedly claimed that agents of the security services of neighboring Pakistan were also involved in the arson of a train and Hindu-Muslim pogroms in Gujarat.

ARCHITECT OF AN ECONOMIC MIRACLE

Despite all the challenges, Gujarat has made a real breakthrough in economic development over the past decade and confidently led the top five industrial states in India. The architect of this "economic miracle" was the hero of our article.

With 5 % of the population, the state now accounts for 16% of industrial output, 21% of exports, and 30% of India's stock market turnover. It accounts for 80% of diamond jewelry production, 58% of petrochemical, 50% of chemical and 42% of pharmaceutical products, and 30% of cotton fabric production7. In addition to these industries, electronics, software production and fiber-optic communication facilities are developing dynamically. The Maruti automobile plant is being built for 150 thousand jobs.

All this became possible thanks to the national reform of 1991, aimed at freeing the economy from excessive state control and liberalizing it, creating an attractive investment climate, the activities of a team of capable young managers, and, most importantly, the skilful leadership of the staff by the Chief Minister and his government.

Recently, 60 free economic zones have been established in Gujarat. On Modi's initiative, the "Vibrant Gujarat" International Business Summit has been held regularly since 2003. Thus, the 2011 forum brought together 3,500 investors from 101 countries, including Russia. On it was

page 55

7936 projects were presented. 54% of investments are accumulated by medium and small businesses 8.

The growth of agricultural output in 2001-2010 was 9.6% per year, compared to 2.7% in the country. The state produces 35% Indian cotton and 42.3% peanuts. The secret to the success of the agricultural sector is the implementation of a program to provide farms with water and cheap electricity and their gradual transition to the production of export crops - mangoes, bananas, wheat. All 18 thousand villages of Gujarat are electrified, 86% of settlements are provided with drinking tap water. The literacy rate increased from 69.14 % in 2001 to 79.31% in 2011.9

At the same time, India's huge population growth is putting a heavy burden on the economy due to the problem of poverty and overpopulation. Gujarat is no exception. Although milk production in the region increased by 66% between 2001 and 2011, every second child under the age of five is underweight. Chronic malnutrition affects 48% of the rural population and 39% of the urban population. The rate of anemia in married women is 55%, in pregnant women-61%10.

Leaders of Congress and other opposition parties use this data to criticize Modi. They repeat after Rahul Gandhi, the General Secretary of INC., that Modi's policies pay dividends only to the rich.11 Arjun Modhwadia, Chairman of the Gujarat Congress Committee, is particularly insistent on this point of view. According to his calculations, the state's poverty rate is 31.8% and is the worst in the nation12.

Therefore, with the highest rates of economic growth, Gujarat is experiencing a number of acute social problems.

ADMINISTRATOR, POLITICIAN, TRIBUNE

In December 2007, Modi and the BJP won the next state legislative election, winning 117 seats out of 182. The victory was won despite the skeptical predictions of the opposition, which did not skimp on epithets, calling Modi a "fascist" and a "dictator" and comparing him to Hitler. According to a survey conducted a month before the vote by the International Center for the Study of Developing Societies, speculation of this kind was idle. Of the 34% of respondents who recognized Modi's leadership style as "authoritarian", 48% expressed their intention to vote for his party.13

The Chief Minister's pre-election rallies were usually held in the evenings and resembled rock concerts with screaming young fans wearing idol masks. The crowd was attracted not so much by the atmosphere of excitement and sympathy for the BJP, but by the popularity of Modi, who became the new "star" and symbol of Gujarat. His appearance on the podium in a bright turban and a traditional jacket trimmed with pieces of mirror mica was accompanied by a storm of enthusiastic emotions. The main theme of Modi's election speeches was always the same-the achievements of the state and pride in them. At the same time, in some cases, he focused on providing the population with uninterrupted electricity, in others-on the advantages of drinking tap water, in the third - on the safety of streets and roads, etc.

Some political analysts see Modi's frequent attacks on the United Progressive Alliance government in Delhi and his unprecedented glorification of his home state as an element of separatism. But they are wrong. An experienced politician, he skillfully combines the Hindu community and Hindutva ideology* with a regional identity.14

Modi seeks to represent an India that is tired of standing still. The India of his discourse is a young, dynamic country that strives for prosperity and prosperity and is free from the dominance of bureaucracy, corruption and the threat of terrorism. Gujarat is a stronghold of these aspirations. He is a record holder of industrial and agricultural output growth and is eager for new victories.

Modi's image is that of a tough and shrewd politician. He made a bet on those who want change. He is not afraid to do what he thinks is right, even if it goes against the line of his party. He is not friendly with the media, but he is supported by bloggers and Internet users, which helps his image. Every day, the governor receives 200-250 requests to his email address, and 20-25% of them are answered by the governor himself.15 Its website features 373 personal photos taken by American artist Ark Worldwide, who has worked with many political and business stars, including Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev and disgraced Russian oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky. Gifts that are given to Modi on trips around the country and abroad, he gives to the school for orphaned girls. His name never leaves the pages of newspapers and magazines during his years as Chief Minister.

HIGH BAR

A sophisticated politician, Narendra Modi never reveals his future plans. Therefore, when asked whether he is going to apply for the post of prime minister, he answers very cautiously. Question: "Is Gujarat enough for you? And if India calls?" Answer: "Gujaratis are part of India's 1,200 million people. Serving Gujarat is serving Bharat Mata (Mother India). There is no difference between them. " 16

Meanwhile, the results of a survey conducted by India Today magazine in early 2012 indicate that Narendra Modi has become the favorite of the race. 24% of respondents want to see him as prime minister, while Rakhula Gandhi-17%, Lal Krishna Advani, the current head of government Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi-10%. And if the parliamentary elections were held in 2012, the INC would have 110 seats (206 in 2009) and the BJP would have 140 seats (116 in 2009).17

In that case, who can thwart Modi's plans? First of all, these are numerous political opponents, obvi-


Hindutva is an ideology of Hindu nationalism, and its adherents believe that their activities are aimed at the benefit of all Indian religions: Hinduism,Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism.

page 56

They accused the Gujarat Chief Minister of involvement in the organization of riots on religious and communal grounds in 2002. The Supreme Court has already rejected several of their claims, finding no evidence of a crime in Modi's actions. In the second, - some of his party colleagues. We are talking about the current BJP chairman Nitin Gadkari. He is 55 years old. He is a native of Maharashtra. He headed a corporation that designed and built the Mumbai - Pune highway. He is considered a protege of the leader of the RSS Mohanrao Bhagwat. It is noteworthy that during the last year and a half, Modi has never been seen in the Gadkari campaign.

But the biggest figure in the BJP remains the party's veteran and parliamentary opposition leader Lal Krishna Advani. He is 84 years old. This master of political coalitions and alliances slows down the reform of the party and jealously follows the rise of young "stars". During a 40-day yatra held in October-November 2011, he described Gujarat as the only state in India free of corruption. Advani is the figure in the party to whom Modi is ready to give up the post of prime Minister if the BJP wins the parliamentary elections. This is due to the role of political mentor that Advani played at the beginning of his career.

And Modi has a very bad relationship with the leadership of the RSS subsidiary organization Vishwa Hindu Parishad (World Council of Hindus), which acts as a curator of the Hindu community. The reason for the gap was the order of the Chief Minister to demolish 250 temples built in Gandhinagar by members of the organization without permission. And after the arrest by the authorities in November 2008 of one of the regional leaders of the VCP, Ashwin Patel, on charges of inciting religious and communal discord, Kaushik Mehta, the secretary of the organization in Gujarat, called Modi's actions "anti-Indian" 18. After criticizing Gujarati peasants who steal state electricity, Modi gained detractors in the ranks of the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (Union of Indian Peasants) and the introduction of English in schools at all levels has turned Vidya Bharati (Indian Education) and other affiliated organizations of the RCC against itself.

Then whose support can Modi count on today and in the future? In addition to the Gujaratis who vote for him, and this is the middle class of India, numbering, according to various estimates, from 150 to 300 million people, farmers who successfully fit into market relations, and big business leaders, participants of the "Energetic Gujarat" summits-Ratan Theta, Kumar Mangalam Birla, Mukesh and Anil Ambani, Anand Mahindra etc. In addition, he has developed business relationships with leaders of regional parties such as the All India Anna Dravida Munetra Kazhagam (Tamil Nadu), Akali Dal (Punjab), Shiv Sena (Maharashtra), Asom Gana Parishad (Assam) and others.

On September 17, 2011, Modi announced a hunger strike. On the eve of the central newspapers published his open letter to fellow citizens, in which he explained the motives of the hunger strike: "Dear brothers and sisters! The state, society, and individual are not perfect. I am grateful to everyone who pointed out my mistakes made in the last ten years. I continue to serve the people through your prayers. The pain of each of you is also my pain " 19. Political analysts agreed that the hunger strike was the beginning of his election campaign.

MODI IN RUSSIA

Narendra Modi is a supporter of Indian-Russian cooperation and constructive dialogue between the states and the union territories of India and the regions of Russia. In November 2001, he visited Russia for the first time as part of an Indian government delegation headed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. During the visit to the Kremlin, an agreement on cooperation in trade, service and culture was signed between Gujarat and the Astrakhan region. A protocol was also signed providing for the use of the Gujarati ports of Kandla and Okha for calling Russian ships. In 2003, a delegation from the Astrakhan region visited Gujarat, and in July 2006, Narendra Modi returned to Astrakhan. He confirmed the special interest of the Indian side in the exploration and development of hydrocarbon deposits and cooperation in the field of science and new technologies.

In October 2009, Modi was a guest of the International Energy Conference in Moscow. At the conference, he made a presentation on the success of Gujarati gas field developers. They discovered the largest natural gas reserves in India in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

In Gujarat, Modi's supporters believe that he could benefit not only the state, but the whole of India. In any event, the Chief Minister of Gujarat will remain one of the most influential politicians in the country.

Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar-Moscow

Kamath M. V., Randeri K. 1 Narendra Modi. The Architect of a Modern State. New Delhi, 2009, p. 20.

Kashin V. P. 2 Under the saffron flag / / Asia and Africa today, 2007, N 7.

Kamath M. V., Randeri K. 3 Op. cit, p. 30-31.

Kutsenkov A. A. 4 Tragediya v Gujarat [4 Tragedies in Gujarat]. Asia and Africa Today, 2002, No. 8.

Yurlov F. N., Yurlova E. S. 5 History of India. XX century. Moscow, 2010, p. 484.

6 Frontline, 12 - 25.3.2011.

7 Frontline, 15 - 28.1.2011.

8 The Hindu, 2.2.2011.

9 The Sunday Express, 18.9.2011.

10 The Indian Express, 4.2.2011. 11 The Times of India, 15.2.2009.

12 Frontline, 7 - 20.5.2011.

13 The Indian Express, 27.11.2007.

Kashin V. P. 14 What is the World Council of Hindus? // Asia and Africa Today, 2011, N 9.

15 Economic and Political Weekly, 12.4.2008.

16 India Today, 3.10.2011.

17 India Today, 6.2.2012.

18 The Hindustan Times, 3.11.2008; Sunday Times of India, 18.1.2009.

19 The Hindustan Times, 17.9.2011.


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