Keywords: Mozambique, Africa, China, India, Brazil, economic assistance, mutually beneficial trade, investment
The interest of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India) is growing rapidly right before our eyes. China, South Africa) to the Portuguese-speaking countries of Africa. The focus of their attention is not only oil-rich Angola1, but also Mozambique. The leader here, as elsewhere on the African continent, is China. India and Brazil are trying to keep up, and the latter is acting more and more resolutely, insistently seeking to strengthen its position in this country.
Although these three countries are competing, their efforts are being positively responded to by the Mozambican Government, which is ready to cooperate with the BRICS countries in order to develop the economy and solve pressing social problems.
Mozambique is not yet one of the largest holders of natural resources. And the interest of the "rising" powers-China, India and Brazil - casts doubt on the popular claim in the West that their penetration into Africa is due only to the desire to provide themselves with oil and minerals.
However, each of these States has its own interests in Mozambique. For example, China and India are mainly interested in coal. Mozambique has huge coal reserves - up to 4 billion tons (according to other sources - up to 20 billion tons). It is no coincidence that the country is called the last undeveloped coal storage facility in the world2. Moreover, as Indian researchers note, African coal, in comparison with Indian coal, has better quality, first of all, greater heat transfer.
China and India are also showing interest in the recent discovery of large natural gas fields in Mozambique. Chinese, Indian and Brazilian farmers suffering from a shortage of acreage are attracted by the possibility of renting land in this country.
The traditional ties that have long existed between Portuguese-speaking countries, which are particularly important for Brazil because of their common language, also play an important role.
To a certain extent, China has also adopted this factor. In the interests of expanding cooperation with countries such as Angola, Mozambique, and Equatorial Guinea, Beijing used the return of Macau to its bosom in 1999 after 500 years of Portuguese rule. In 2003, the Forum for Economic Cooperation between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries (Macao Forum) was established. Its headquarters are located in the Macao Special Area and operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China with the participation of the Macao Government.
Portuguese-speaking countries, with the exception of Sao Tome and Principe, which does not have diplomatic relations with the PRC, send their representatives to the Forum, which organizes training courses for entrepreneurs, conducts seminars, publishes newsletters-"Macaohab" and "Macao Magazine", containing information about the economy of these countries and the PRC. Meetings of the Ministers of Commerce of Portuguese-speaking countries3 are held every two years under the auspices of the Forum.
Finally, Mozambique's strategic importance to China and India cannot be ignored, as both countries ' navies have interests in the Indian Ocean, and Chinese officials have repeatedly spoken out in favor of establishing a naval base in East Africa "to protect the interests" of Beijing. 4
CHINA IS LEADING THE WAY
China's relations with Mozambique, like its relations with Angola, are rooted in the country's struggle against Portuguese colonialists. In 1964-1974. Beijing provided financial assistance to the national liberation organization - FRELIMO, whose leaders were trained in the PRC; instructors of the National Liberation Army of China (PLA) trained FRELIMO fighters.
FRELIMO's assistance and support laid the foundation for relations between the PRC and Mozambique, which began to develop actively after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in June 1975. Until the late 1990s, China's role in the country was insignificant, but in the new millennium, Beijing is rapidly gaining strength as an important economic player in Mozambique.
In 2007, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited the country. He promised Mozambique assistance in implementing a number of major projects, including the construction of a $6 million agricultural technology center. In 2010, the Prime Minister of Mozambique made two visits to China and secured the promise of the Export-Import Bank of China (Eximbank) to provide the country with $160 million for the reconstruction of the airport. During Mozambique's President Armando Guebuz's visit to Beijing in 2011, 12 financial cooperation agreements were signed. The new visit of the President of Mozambique to Beijing took place in 2012, and this time Guebuza secured the agreement of Eximbank to provide Mozambique with a loan for the construction of a ring road in the capital and a bridge over the Maputo Bay 5.
In May 2013, accompanied by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, A. Gebuza visited China again. At a meeting with him, Chinese President Xi Jinping called Mozambique an" all-weather " friend of China in Africa. He noted the progress in bilateral relations and stressed the need to accelerate the implementation of key projects in the country in the fields of infrastructure, energy, agriculture, and fisheries.6
The White Paper published in Beijing in 2013 cites Angola and Mozambique as examples of successful Sino-African cooperation.7 China provides significant economic assistance to Mozambique. So, he built a number of government and public buildings here for free, including the parliament and a world-class stadium. Beijing has written off Mozambique's debts - a total of $52 million. 8 In 2011, China allocated $158 million to host the African Games in Maputo - a third of the cost of the entire project.
Although Mozambique's trade with China exceeds the size of its trade with the United States, the country is not one of China's main trading partners in Africa. In 2007, the volume of bilateral trade was $208 million, in 2010 - $690 million. In 2011, it increased by 37%, and Mozambique became China's fourth trading partner out of 8 Portuguese-speaking countries9. In 2012, the trade turnover was $1.344 billion 10, and in the first half of 2013, according to the Macau Customs Service, it was already $707.89 million 11.
The model of China's trade with Mozambique differs significantly from that of its trade with oil-rich countries such as Angola, Nigeria, and Sudan. Until recently, China's main imports were coal, agricultural products, and seafood; its exports were building materials, machinery, and textiles. Mozambique has a passive balance sheet in its trade with China. Mozambique's expansion of coal exports following the completion of a Chinese-backed coal terminal at the port of Beira may change this situation, which will facilitate the export of other minerals from countries located in the interior of the continent (Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi), as well as create more favorable conditions for Chinese exports to Africa.
While Western countries, by providing high subsidies to their agricultural producers, have effectively closed their own markets to Mozambican farmers, China is taking measures to stimulate Mozambican exports. He, in particular, reduced tariffs for the import of 420 items of goods. First of all, this applies to agricultural products - the main "export component" of the country12.
China is the main buyer of Mozambican timber; however, due to legal restrictions on the export of unprocessed timber, half of the timber imported by China from Mozambique is exported illegally. Thus, according to the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), Mozambique lost more than $29 million in lost customs duties in 2012 for unlicensed exports to China worth $130 million.13
Beijing's economic presence in Mozambique has grown from year to year, and back in 2008, China became the second largest investor after South Africa in the country's economy, and in 2003 it ranked only 26th.
Investment peaked in 2007 and 2008 at $76.8 million and $60 million, respectively. At the same time, 71% of investments were made in industry, 21% - in the construction sector, 6% - in services, 2% - in agriculture and the agro-industry. In 2010, the government approved 13 investment projects of Chinese companies totaling $38.6 million , which is a third more than in 2009.
As already mentioned, China is particularly interested in Mozambique's coal resources. The Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation invested $800 million in developing coal deposits to export coal to China, and acquired an 8% stake in Australian company Riversdale, which already has coal concessions in Mozambique, for $200 million.14
In 2010, Kinho Energy announced its intention to invest $5 billion in this sector.15 It also intends to finance the construction of a coal terminal in the port of Beira and the reconstruction of the railway linking the Moatize coal mines with the north-western region of Mozambique.16
In 2013, China made a major acquisition in the Mozambique energy market: China National Petroleum Corporation bought it for $4.21 billion. Eni Mozambique holds a 20% share of the gas field, thus gaining access to the country's gas resources 17.
According to the Mozambique Institute of Socio-Economic Research, 2010 was a record year for Chinese investment in the industrial sector. At the same time, 85% of the funding went to the south of the country, including the city of Maputo and its neighboring provinces. 18 China Development Bank provided a loan of $100 million for the construction of cement factories. Cement production in the country was 1.3 million tons per year in 2011; after the project is implemented in 2013, it should reach 4 million tons per year. t per year 19.
Most of the Chinese investment is not directed to re-
construction and renovation of old facilities, and for the construction of new ones 20. A third of the country's existing highways have already been built with their help. The Chinese are building middle-class housing in Maputo - $439 million has been allocated for this purpose. $300 million will go to the construction of a bridge that will connect the cities of Maputo and Katembe. Earlier, Portuguese companies refused to provide a loan for this purpose due to the economic crisis 21.
Mozambique is in dire need of improved water supply. China is ready to help the country in this regard by deciding to finance the construction of the Mpanda-Nkuwa hydroelectric power station on the Zambezi River. Initially, it was supposed to conclude a so-called "package agreement" with the right to conduct work only for Chinese companies. But later, the country's authorities decided to grant this right to two companies - Chinese (it accounts for 60% of future investments) and Brazilian (40%). This decision is due to the fact that China's participation in the construction caused protests from local residents. One of the reasons is the PRC's desire to use its own workers, rather than train local cadres. Mozambique's government has been pushing for Chinese companies to hire as many local workers as possible on such projects. And Beijing has listened to these arguments - already in 2010, Chinese companies significantly increased the hiring of local labor 22. This trend continues to this day.
An example of Mozambique-China cooperation in the field of agriculture is the emergence of rice fields in this African country with the help of Chinese investors. With the participation of Chinese companies, attempts are also being made to grow cotton, a new crop for Mozambique; funds for this experiment were allocated by the China-Africa Development Fund.23
The government of the country has issued licenses for the creation of Chinese farms and cattle ranches, which employ about 3 thousand settlers from the PRC 24. In total, there are now from 7 to 12 thousand Chinese in Mozambique.
In 2011, a CCP delegation visiting Mozambique signed an agreement with the Government to open the Confucius Institute in the country. Its official opening took place in 2012.
Beijing has invested $15.8 million in distance education for Mozambicans and the development of various scientific and technological programs. Moreover, half of the amount was an interest-free loan, and the other half was provided by China as a gift to Mozambique.
Recently, China International Radio started broadcasting in Portuguese. Chinese instructors train officers of the Mozambican police, and lecturers from China teach at the FRELIMO Central School.
The Chinese have announced their intention to set up a Cooperation center for combating Poverty in Mozambique, where they plan to study the Chinese strategy for solving this problem.
About 200 students from Mozambique are currently studying in China. Beijing regularly sends its military advisers to the country.
INDIA IS TRYING TO KEEP UP
Numerous archaeological finds indicate that trade contacts between the peoples who inhabited India and Mozambique took place in pre-colonial times. In recent history, independent India has provided significant assistance to Mozambique during the struggle for independence from Portuguese colonial oppression. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1975 immediately after Mozambique gained independence. In 1982, the first President of Mozambique, Samora Machela, visited India, and in the same year, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi paid a return visit to the country. In 1988 and 2003. India was visited by the then President of Mozambique, Joaquim Alberto Chissano.
Bilateral relations have been developing particularly intensively over the past few years. From 2010 to 2013, more than 10 mutual visits of Indian and Mozambican officials took place. Mozambique's First Lady Maria da Luz Guebuza visited India twice, in 2011 and 2012.
Significant was the six-day visit of the President of Mozambique A. Guebuza to India in September-October 2010. Agreements were signed on the avoidance of double taxation, on cooperation in the development of mineral resources, on small and medium-sized enterprises.25 During the talks, A. Gebuza confirmed his country's readiness to fully contribute to the fight against piracy in the Indian Ocean basin, noting the need to "make our common ocean peaceful and safe" 26.
The parties discussed the possibility of "resuscitating" the activities of the Association for Regional Cooperation of the Indian Ocean Basin Countries (ARSIO), which was established in 1997 with very ambitious plans, but is now practically non-functioning, and both countries have been members since its foundation.
In July 2013, the capital of Mozambique, Maputo, hosted the India-Mozambique Business Forum. Speaking at the event, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources of India Abdul Razak, in particular, pointed out that from 2010 to 2013, the trade turnover between the two countries increased from an almost imperceptible $6.31 million to $1.28 billion. He noted that this result was possible thanks to the 2010 meeting of the Presidents of the two countries, which laid the foundation for such rapid growth, and the economic policy pursued by the Mozambican authorities, which A. Razak called "excellent"27.
The visit of Indian Minister of Industry and Trade A. Sharma to Mozambique in September 2013 and his meetings with the country's Prime Minister A. K. Wakina and Trade Minister A. Inrog were also important, where it was decided to increase the bilateral trade turnover to $3 billion by 2016. Indian
* A network of international cultural and educational centers established by the State Chancellery of the People's Republic of China for the Dissemination of the Chinese language abroad. In 2012, there were 29 Confucius institutes operating in 22 countries of the continent.
Table
Trade turnover between Mozambique and India ($ million)
Exporting country |
2009-2010 |
2010-2011 |
2011-2012 |
2012-2013 |
India |
358,37 (-16,15%*) |
605,16 (+68,86%) |
533,35 (-131,87%) |
1001,00 (+87,68%) |
Mozambique |
68,76 (+115,27%) |
103,45 (+50,45 %) |
98,77 (-9,26%) |
280,41 (+184,94%) |
General level of trade turnover |
427,14 (-7,01%) |
708,61 (+65,90%) |
631,32 (-11,83%) |
1281,41 (+102,83%) |
* Numerical indicators in percent show changes in the level of trade turnover in comparison with the previous year.
Источник: High Commission of India, Maputo. Bilateral Trade Relations - http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/ maputo.php?id=Bilateral trade relations
The Minister also announced the decision to provide Mozambique with a credit line of $640 million.28 By the way, this amount does not include other types of assistance provided, including grants, assistance in technical training of local specialists and providing young Mozambicans with opportunities to study at Indian universities.
However, despite all the efforts of the governments and businesses of the two countries, the trade turnover between India and Mozambique is still low (see table). In 2012/2013, Indian exports accounted for about $1 billion, while Mozambique's exports accounted for $280.41 million. 29 India's trade with Mozambique is, so to speak, "uneven." In addition to mineral energy resources, ore and scrap metal, as well as cotton, citrus fruits, sugar and wood, significant volumes of cashew nuts and beans are exported to India from Mozambique. And highly processed products are imported from India to Mozambique: mechanical engineering products, means of transport, chemical goods and textiles.
The volume of Indian investment is expected to increase significantly in the near future. In 2012, it was estimated at only $86.2 million, 30 but in the first half of 2013 it was approximately $600 million.31
Development assistance is an important element of bilateral cooperation. Back in 2003. India has written off Mozambique's $1.8 million in debt 32. It has also opened several credit lines to Mozambique, including::
- $140 million to finance agricultural projects;
- $25 million to help solve food security problems;
- $500 million for infrastructure development;
- $30 million for rural electrification;
- $50 million for the construction of hydroelectric power plants.
In addition, in 2011 India has provided almost $12 million in grants to Mozambique, including $4.5 million to strengthen the police force and $5 million to develop education and health.33
India is also helping Mozambique to establish research institutions and train Mozambican specialists. Each year, 15 scholarships are awarded to specialists from Mozambique who conduct research in Indian institutes. 34 In the academic year 2010/2011, 36 student places were awarded in Indian universities; in 2011/2012, the quota was increased to 41. In India, 25 officers of the Mozambique Police were retrained in 2013, and the training was funded by the Indian side.
For the 2013/2014 academic year, India allocated Mozambique an additional quota for postgraduate studies under the special research program35.
The most promising areas of cooperation between the two countries are, first of all, India's participation in the development of coal and gas fields in Mozambique. The importance of this area is due to India's growing energy needs.
Currently, India's investment in Mozambique's coal sector has exceeded its investment in the South African coal industry, with which India's cooperation in this area began much earlier.
Today, large Indian companies operate in the Mozambique coal mining sector -the leading state-owned company Koala India Limited, the private corporation Tata represented by its division Tata Steel, as well as Jindal Group and Sadbhav Engineering, each of which has already acquired the rights to develop Mozambique coal deposits.36 It is estimated that India imported $179.63 million worth of coal from Mozambique in 2012/2013.37
Developing Mozambique's coal deposits is not an easy task. This was confirmed by the Indian company "Jindal", which in August 2013, in the presence of the President of Mozambique A. Gebuza, opened a new coal mine, the third in the country in depth, in the province of Tete. Just a few days before its opening, local residents attacked representatives of the Indian company, accusing it of failing to fulfill promises to provide them with new agricultural land and settle almost 2.5 thousand peasants in other territories.
instead of 38 seized from them for the construction of the mine.
Perhaps even more promising than coal mining, the development of Indian-Mozambican relations may be the development of natural gas. In October 2011, the Government of Mozambique and the American company Anadarko announced the discovery of a natural gas field on the Mozambique shelf in the Ruvuma River basin, estimated at 283 billion cubic meters. m. Just a month later, Anadarko increased its reserve estimate to 425-850 billion cubic meters.m. 39 At the same time, the consortium that was going to develop this field initially included the Indian companies Videocon Industries, which owned 10% of the company's shares, and Bharat Petroleum.
In 2013, the Western media began to circulate a new estimate of gas reserves at the Mozambique field - 1.85 trillion cubic meters 41, and A. Razak, already mentioned above, even called the figure 4.5 trillion cubic meters 42.
In June 2013, the state-owned companies "Indian Oil and Gas Corporation (ONGC) "and" Oil India " for $2.48 billion. They acquired a stake in a Mozambique gas field that was owned by Videocon Industries. 43 A few weeks later, ONGC acquired it for $2.64 billion. Anadarko holds a 10% share of potential gas production. In October 2013, the Indian government approved these deals, and ONGC's chief financial officer, A. K. Srinivasan, told Reuters that he sees Mozambique as the largest supplier of liquefied natural gas to India in the near future.44
This strongly demonstrates that access to African fuel and energy resources is extremely important for India. The official report of the Economic Affairs Committee of the Cabinet of Ministers of India emphasizes that "... this asset is geographically close to India, and the transportation price will be lower compared to supplies from other potential sources of liquefied gas in the United States, Canada or Russia. " 45
The American Wall Street Journal recalled that earlier Indian companies often could not compete with Chinese state corporations, because they did not have sufficient financial capabilities. Now, India's ONGC has not only completed two major deals almost simultaneously, but has also announced its upcoming purchase (along with Royal Dutch Shell) of an additional stake in a Brazilian oil field to block its acquisition by China's Sinopec. 46
It is not only economic ties, with all their growing intensity, that determine the nature of relations between India and Mozambique. An important determining factor is cooperation in the military and naval spheres. It began when India twice, in July 2003 and in June 2004, at the request of the Government of Mozambique, sent its warships to its shores to provide security for the African Union Summit and the African Economic Forum. Subsequently, visits by Indian warships to Mozambican ports became regular: they took place in 2008, 2011 and 2012.47 During the last visit, the Indian warship Darshak, at the request of the Mozambican side, conducted a hydrographic survey of the port of Beira.48
In March 2006, the two countries signed an agreement on defense cooperation and formed a joint working group, which met in 2008 and 2010. The agreement provides for military-technical cooperation, India's assistance to Mozambique in logistics and training of naval personnel, joint patrolling of the coast of Mozambique, provision of military equipment to Mozambique and its maintenance by the Indian side, etc. 49
The development of bilateral relations in this area was facilitated by the meeting in June 2011 in India of the Defense Ministers of India - A. K. Anthony and Mozambique-F. J. Newssy, where issues of combating piracy and countering terrorism were discussed, as well as meetings between F. J. Newssy and the Chief of Staff of the Indian Navy, Admiral N. Verma, and the Chief of Staff of the V. K. Singh and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Indian Air Force Marshal N. A. K. Brown 50.
Another factor that is still underappreciated in the development of relations between the two countries is the Indian diaspora in Mozambique. According to Indian data, currently there are about 1.5 thousand people who have Indian citizenship, and at least 20 thousand descendants of immigrants from India who have Mozambican or Portuguese citizenship. The majority of ethnic Indians work in retail or wholesale trade, but a large proportion of them are also employed in the production of communications equipment and telecommunications; many hold senior positions in international corporations and large trading companies.
So far, this potential resource is not fully used by India. However, over time, the presence of a large and economically successful diaspora may be an additional factor in India's securing its long-term interests in Mozambique. 51
BRAZIL IS ALSO "BUILDING MUSCLE"
From year to year, Mozambique occupies an increasingly important place in Brazil's African politics. Researcher Laura Horta notes:"...Brazil is said to be one of the main political and economic players in Angola and Mozambique, as its companies invest in the same sectors of the economy as Chinese and Indian companies." At the same time, its growing presence in these African countries has been almost unnoticed, as all the attention of international experts has recently been focused on China and India.52
Rising Brazil, with its growing business community, is looking to find new markets and areas for investment. Its main targets are Portuguese - speaking countries, primarily Angola and Mozambique. These States account for 74% of the funds.,
Government funds are allocated for economic assistance to foreign countries, with Mozambique being the largest recipient. It is worth recalling that the Brazilian government has long written off 95% of Mozambique's public debt to Brazil.53
In 2003, Mozambique was among the top 5 countries visited by Brazilian President Lula da Silva during his first State visit to Africa. At the meeting with President A. Gebuza, Brazil's interests in the Moatize coal basin were also discussed. L. da Silva visited Mozambique again in 2008, and once again coal mining concessions were discussed.
In 2011, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff made a six-day visit to Mozambique, during which 12 agreements were signed. She stated that Brazil is interested in strategic investments in Mozambique in order to ensure the sustainable development of this state with benefits for both sides. Rousseff pointed out that Brazilian investments in Mozambique increased 20-fold from 2002 to 2008, amounting to $4.5 billion.54
Following this visit, a representative delegation of 55 Brazilian businessmen visited Mozambique.
Vail do Rio Doce, a large mining company (better known as Vail) Back in 2008, it received a concession for coal mining in Mozambique and in 3 years it built a coal mine in Moatize, spending $1.6 billion on this, as well as housing for families that the company had to relocate to new places due to construction. Mozambique President A. Guebuza and Vale President R. Agnelli officially opened the mine on May 8, 2011. More than 20 Brazilian companies are participating in this project, which aims to turn Mozambique into Africa's second largest coal producer and create 3,000 jobs.56
Vail successfully competes with Chinese and Indian companies in the" battle " for Mozambique coal, the lion's share of which goes to Asia. From 2009 to the present, Vail has invested $1.3 billion. in coal mines in the provinces of Zambezia and Tete. It also invested $1.7 billion in 2012. in the construction of a 900-kilometer railway linking Moatize with the deep-water port of Nakala, where the company intends to create a new coal terminal. Over the next 5 years, the company plans to invest $12 billion in Africa; Mozambique accounts for $8.2 billion of this amount.57
Brazilian steel giant CSN has invested $179 million. c the creation of a joint venture with Australia's Rio Tinto - a steel mill. Brazilian company Camargo Correa is working with Chinese companies to build the Mpanda-Nkuwe hydroelectric power station on the Zambezi River, which will supply water to Maputo. Petrobras Oil Company helps Mozambicans in the production of biofuels 58. Roads, residential buildings, and urban infrastructure are created in Mozambique by Andrade Gutierrez.
Negotiations are underway on the construction of another hydroelectric power station in the country and the creation of a reservoir that will supply the city of Maputo with drinking water. The Bank of Brazil intends to allocate $500 million for the project. Construction is expected to start in 2014. Both sites are extremely important for Maputo: the city has a population of about 2 million and is growing rapidly, and the need for drinking water is growing accordingly.59
Agriculture is an important area of Brazilian-Mozambican cooperation. The Government of Mozambique is interested in attracting agricultural producers to the country. In 2012, it leased 500,000 hectares of land to Brazilian farmers on preferential terms in one of the northern provinces, with the condition that soybeans, cotton and cereals will be grown on these areas.60 The goal is to learn from the experience of farms located in the Brazilian savanna that successfully combine cattle breeding with soybean cultivation. Brazil has provided Mozambique with a targeted loan for the development of small agricultural enterprises. Initially, $97 million was allocated for this purpose; this amount was later increased to $300 million.61
Brazil is providing health care assistance to Mozambique. It is known that 11.5% of Mozambicans aged 15 to 49 years are carriers of HIV infection. Working through the Oswald Cruz Foundation, Brazil's leading medical research institution, Brazil has helped establish a factory in Mozambique for the production of generic and antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV/AIDS; the company became operational in 2012. 62
Brazil is helping Mozambique improve its armed forces. In 2009, the Brazilian Ministry of Defense promised to transfer several aircraft to the Mozambican Air Force and train 700 troops to perform UN peacekeeping missions in Africa. This promise is fulfilled.
Cooperation with countries such as Angola and Mozambique helps Brazil strengthen its international standing and position in South-South cooperation.
Forced to compete fiercely with China and India in Mozambique, Brazil is counting on its advantages as a Portuguese-speaking country with historically close cultural ties to Africa. Second only to China in the investment sphere, it focuses on scientific and technical cooperation, technology transfer, and support for agriculture. In contrast to China, which is often accused of bringing its own workers to Africa, including Mozambique, instead of using local personnel, Brazil actively involves local personnel in the implementation of its own and general programs, thereby helping to solve the problem of employment.63
Although Brazil, India and China often compete in Africa, their performance on the continent is generally viewed positively. It should be emphasized that all the BRICS countries, while providing assistance to the-
We believe that they do not put forward any political conditions, as is often done by Western powers and the United States.
It also makes sense to recall that the Russian Federation is also a BRICS member. Russia's economic, political, and cultural interaction (within the BRICS) with African states, including Mozambique, is a separate topic of discussion. But even before it takes place, it is appropriate to note that, in our opinion, much of the experience of China, India and Brazil, which is discussed in this article, deserves careful study by experts - economists and politicians - of our country.
1 For more information, see: Deich T. L., Usov V. A. "Rising" powers on the African continent: the case of Angola / / Asia and Africa Today. 2013, N 7.
2 India. Mozambique trade doubles. IANS // The Economic Times -http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013 - 07-06/news/40407659_mozamb...
3 http://www.forumchinaplp.org/mo/pt/aboutus.php
Chase Michaels., Erickson Andrew S. 4 Changes in Beijing approach to overseas basing // China Brief. Vol. 9. 2009. No. 19.
5 Mozambican President begins official visit to China // Macauhub -http://www.macauhub.commo/en/2013/05/13 mozambican-president-begins-official-visit-to-china
Xijinping. 6 Meets with Mozambican President Armando Guebuza. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 13.05.2013 - www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/tl040940.shtml
7 Angola and Mozambique serve as example in China's new strategic document for Africa // Macauhub, 16.09.2013.
Shinn David H. 8 China's involvement in Mozambique. 30.07.2012 -http://ru.scribdt.com/doc/101795943/China-and-Mozambique
9 Industrial Sector is Main Target of Chinese Investment in Mozambique // Macao magazine. 2011, N 28.
10 Mozambican President begins official visit to China ...
11 Mozambique. Business and Cooperation. August 21, 2013.
Mauhere Loro da Silva Horta. 12 China's relations with Portuguese-speaking countries: A growing but unnoticed relation. Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey. California. September 2012. P. 21 - http://www.hsdlorg/?View add=725996
Levitt Tom. 13 Mozambique losing millions to illegal Chinese logging trade. 07.02.2013 - http://www.chinadialogue.net.blogl5685-Mozam-bique-losing-millions-to-illegal-chnese-logg ing-trade/en
14 China invests 1 bn doll, in Mozambique coal // Financial Times. June 24, 2010.
15 China Kingho to invest 5 bn in Coal Mining Projects in Mozambique // African Press Agency. 22.07. 2010.
Shinn David H. 16 Op. cit.
17 China cash for SA port shows Africa priority // Reuters. 28.03.2013 - http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/china-cash-for-sa-port
18 Industrial Sector is Main Target...
Mauhere Loro da Silva Horta. 19 Op. cit.
Loro Horta. 20 China's economic engagement in Africa: Changing approach in Mozambique // S.Rajatam School of International Studies. RSIS Commentaries. 2012. No 13/2012. 16 January, 2012.
Mauhere Loro da Silva Horta. 21 Op. cit.
Loro Horta. 22 Op. cit.
23 Angola and Mozambique serve as example...
Shinn David H. 24 Op. cit.
25 India, Mozambique to work to make Indian Ocean safe // Africa Quarterly. Vol. 50. August-October 2010. N 3. P. 10.
26 For more information, see: Yelkina E. A. The end of piracy or just a pause? // Asia and Africa today. 2014, No. 1; Mezentsev S. V. Primenenie inostrannoy voennoy sily v Afrika (na primere raion Afrika Rog) [The use of foreign military force in Africa (on the example of the Horn of Africa region)]. 2013, N 11.
27 India. Mozambique trade doubles. IANS // The Economic Times -http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013 - 07 - 06/news/ 40407659_mozamb...
28 India, Mozambique to make efforts for doubling trade by 2016 // Business Standard. New Delhi. 30.09. 2013 - http://www.business-standart.com/article/printer-friendly-Oversion?article_id=1130930
29 Bilateral relations. High Commission of India. Maputo -http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/maputo.php?id-Bilateral trade relations
30 India-Mozambique relations. Government of India -http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Mozambique.pdf
31 India. Mozambique to discuss cooperation in coal. Natural gas -http://zeenews.india.com/business/print.aspxVnid-85495
Sharma Ashok. 32 India, Mozambique to raise bilateral trade to 1 bn
(2.10.2010) - http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/India-Mozambique-to-raise-bilater...
Vira V. 33 India and UN Peacekeeping. Interest with Grave Implications // Small Wars Journal. July 13, 2012.
34 High Commission of India, Maputo - http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/maputo (2011)
35 India-Mozambique relations...
Sahu Mahendra. 36 African coal sector and Indian demand // African Current. December 2011. Vol. XXXI, No. 47 (Centre for African Studies. University of Mumbai). P. 10.
37 India. Mozambique to discuss cooperation... 38 India's Jindal caught up in Mozambique mining woes // France24 International News - http://france24.com/en/print/5444877?print=now
39 Mozambique: Country may export natural gas to India. 2.01.2012 - http://allafrica.com/stories/201201030280.html
40 Ibidem.
Ghosh Palash. 41 Back to the Future: Indian investment in Mozambique gas field extends centuries-long link between two countries. 27.08.2013 - http//www.ibtems.com/back-future-indian-investment-mozambique-gas-fiels-extend
42 India. Mozambique trade doubles...
43 India's ONGC to buy $2,64-billion stake in Anadarko Mozambique gas block. 26.08.2013 - http://www.reuters.com/asscts/ print?aid=USBRE97P08520130826
44 Ibidem.
45 CCEA approves ONGC Videsh-Oil India dwal to buy 20 per cent stake in Mozambique field. 4.10.2013 - http://profit.ndtv.com/news/ corporates/article-ccea-approves-ongc-videsh-oil-india-de
46 The Wall Street Journal - http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/ 2013/09/26/energy-journal-india-taps-into-mozambique
47 High Commission of India, Maputo. Visit of Indian Naval Ships -http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/maputo.phpVid-Visit of Indian Naval Ships
48 High Commission of India, Maputo. Development assistance -http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/maputo.phpVid-Development Assistance
49 Press Information Bureau. Government of India. Ministry of Defence. 28.06.2011 - http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrinrRelease/aspx
50 Ibidem.
51 High Commission of India, Maputo. Indian Community -http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/maputo.php?id = Indian%20Community
53 Brazil establishes itself as "major political and economic actor in Angola and Mozambique" // Macauhub - http//www.macauhub. com.mo/en/2012/05/21/brazil-establishes-itself-as-major-political-and-economic-actor-in-ang ola-and-mozambique
54 Brazil-Africa: Booming business across the Atlanti // African Studies Centre Infosheet 18/2013 - www.ascleiden.nl
Mauhere Loro da Silva Horta. 54 Op. cit.
55 Mozambique: Brazil willing to invest strategically -http://allafrica.com/stories/2011 1020010.html
56 Brazil-Africa: Booming business across...
57 Brazil's Africa relations now strategic, minister // Market Watch. May 3, 2012.
58 Ibidem.
Campbelljohn. 59 Another BRIC in the wall. Brazil stakes its claim in Africa // The Christian Science Monitor. May 1, 2013.
60 BRAZIL: Mozambique cedes land to Brazil agribusiness. 30 August 2011 - http://globalvoice on line.org/2011/08/30/brazil-mozambique-agribusiness
61 Brazil establishes itself as "major political and economic actor in Angola and Mozambique"// Macauhub. May 21, 2012 http//www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2012/05/21/brazil-establishes-itself-as-major-political-and-e conomic-actor-in-angola-and-mozambique
62 Brazil-Africa: Booming business across...
63 Brazil in Africa. A New Allantic Alliance // The Economist. November 10, 2012.
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