Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
32 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119991, Russia
E-mail: telmkas@yandex.ru
The paper presents the results of studying extensive craniological materials of the Saka period from the Eastern Pamirs. The population of this period is characterized by a combination of features of the Caucasian Eastern Mediterranean race. A maturized dolichocrane variant with a high braincase arch and a narrow and high face is mainly presented; it allows us to judge genetic connections with the Eneolithic population of Southern Turkmenistan, Northern Tajikistan, and Central Iran. On a smaller scale, the gracile variant with a small height of the cranial vault, a narrow and relatively low face is widespread; it includes carriers of the Namazgin, Sapalli, Zamanbaba and Chust cultures of Central Asia and the Turing-Hissar culture of Northeastern Iran. Representatives of the maturized, long-headed type with a very high and broad face, characteristic of the pastoral tribes of the Bishkent culture of Southern Tajikistan, were not found in the Pamirs. The maximum expression of Caucasoid features with very strong dolichocrania allows us to definitely speak about the anterior, Middle, and South Asian analogies.
Studies of funerary monuments of the Eastern Pamirs of the Saka period have more than half a century of history associated with the name of the greatest archaeologist A. N. Bernshtam. From 1946 to 1956, he identified and excavated more than 60 religious and burial structures in the Eastern Pamirs. In 1948, two burial grounds were excavated (Tamdinsky (the first of the Saka burial grounds studied in this region) and Khargush (two mounds)) V-IV centuries BC, where not only archaeological, but also anthropological material was found. On these archaeological sites, the researcher noted traces of the influence of the cultures of the population of the Tien Shan, Alai and Semirechye. According to his preliminary conclusion, the monuments belonged to the Khaumovarga Saka tribes, whose nomads were also located in the Eastern Pamirs (Bernshtam, 1952). A summary of facts and theories related to the Pamir Sakas is presented in B. A. Litvinsky's monograph [1972].
Later, in the extreme south-east of the Pamirs, near Kzyl-Rabat, A. N. Bernshtam discovered the Ak-Beit burial ground of the VI-IV centuries BC. The burial ground, with some originality, had a great resemblance to Tamdinsky. A. N. Bernshtam (1956) explained the significant differences between the monuments as belonging to different tribes, whose cultural and ethnic ties developed in different directions. According to A. N. Bernshtam, Ak-Beit reflects mainly relations with southern and southeastern cultures, and Tamdi-with northeastern cultures. The researcher believed that the formation of the ethnic composition of the population of the Eastern Pamirs involved the tribes of the Tien Shan, Alai and Semirechye, East Turkestan, Tibet and the Far East.
A series of 14 skulls and 17 skeletons from the Tamda burial ground was studied by V. V. Ginzburg [1960]. The racial type of those buried was defined by him as Eastern Mediterranean. By skeletal remains
page 143
height was restored: men averaged 168.9 cm, and women - 157.6 cm. Osteological materials of the Saka period from all the objects studied in the Pamirs later were not studied.
Craniological materials from Akbeite (five well-preserved male and five female skulls) were also studied by V. V. Ginzburg [Ibid.]. This series, like the Tamdin series, was assigned to the Eastern Mediterranean race.
Archaeological work in the Pamirs was continued in the late 1950s by B. A. Litvinsky. He uncovered about 250 religious and burial structures in the middle of the first millennium BC. In 1958, the Yashilkul and Alichur burial grounds in the central part of the Pamirs were excavated, Ak-Beit excavations were completed, and new monuments of Tegirmansu and Mozhutash in the South-Eastern Pamirs were identified and studied. In 1959, work was carried out on burial grounds near the lake. Sarezsky district (Kokuibel, Rangul, Zorkul) and the village. Excavations of the Tegirmansu and Mozhutash burial grounds in the Kzyl-Rabat area and near Khargush continued. A small high-mountain burial ground Andemin was investigated. In 1960, burial grounds were excavated near Khargush, in the Kzyl-Rabat region, in the valley of the Jaushangoz river and near the lake. Rangul [Litvinsky, 1972].
All paleoanthropological material from these sites (34 male and 29 female skulls) was studied by T. P. Kiyatkina. She published average data [1965, pp. 6-7] and individual measurements [1976]. The skulls are sharply dolichocranose, long, narrow, and medium-high. The forehead is medium-wide, sloping, with a moderately developed upper nose. The facial region is orthognathous, narrow, high, leptoprosopal, with significant horizontal profiling. The nose is narrow and very prominent. The orbits are medium-high. The racial type is defined by the researcher as Caucasian Eastern Mediterranean. According to T. P. Kiyatkina [Ibid.], the Saks of the Eastern Pamirs are descendants of the population of the Pre-Kopetdag zone of the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages.
In 2003, M. A. Bubnova obtained three skulls from the Saka burial mounds Karaart I and II in the Southeastern Pamirs. These skulls, like the previous ones, are characterized by features of the Eastern Mediterranean race (Khodzhayov, 2004).
Paleoanthropological material from the Saka period and other regions of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was studied. Most interesting are the Saka finds from neighboring regions: from the excavations of A. N. Bernshtam in the western part of the Alai Valley and in the adjacent gorges (Shart, Chak, Karashvak), studied by V. V. Ginzburg (1950, 1954, 1960). Paleoanthropological material of Saka and early Alai usuns from the excavations of I. K. Kozhomberdyev and A. A. Abetekov was studied by N. N. Miklashevskaya [1959, 1964], and from the excavations of Yu. D. Baruzdin - by I. V. Perevozchikov [1967]. By these researchers, the Alai Saks represented by the above materials are assigned to the mesocrane Caucasian race with a slight Mongoloid admixture. There are several morphotypes identified; along with mesobrahicranial (more than 1/3 of the skulls), dolichocranial variants are noted. In general, this population occupies an intermediate position in terms of morphological features between the Saks of the Pamirs and Tien Shan (Ginzburg and Trofimova, 1972).
In the Central Tien Shan, in the localities of Chakmak, Ala-Myshik, Kyrchin, and Jergatal, A. N. Bernshtam discovered 14 skulls of the Saka period, which V. V. Ginzburg (1954) attributed to the Europoid brachycran type with a Mongoloid admixture. However, the Mongoloid admixture was less pronounced among the inhabitants of the Central Tien Shan than among the Saks of Kazakhstan, which allows us to conclude that the newcomers of the Mongoloid type participated relatively little in the formation of the morphological composition of the population of this territory (Ginzburg and Trofimova, 1972).
The anthropological type of the Saks of Kazakhstan is based on the Andronovsky Saks, which is characteristic of the population of the Bronze Age. Such features of the Saks of Kazakhstan as a taller face, a smaller height of the brain box, and a less prominent nose compared to the population of the Bronze Age are probably due to the Mongoloid admixture that manifested itself in the Saka period [Debets, 1948; Ginzburg, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1961; Ismagulov, 1970; Ginzburg, Trofimova, 1972; Alekseev and Gokhman, 1984].
The Saka group from the Aral Sea region and Northern Turkmenistan, represented in the burial grounds of Tagisken, Uygarak, Chirik-Rabat, Asar, Tumek-Kichijik, Sakarchaga, Tarymkaya, etc., is characterized by mixed signs of the anthropological types of the local Tazabagyab-Andronovo and alien Central Asian Mongoloid population. It can be stated that already from the VII-V centuries. The population of the Aral Sea region was a mixed population: it reflected the Europoid, mainly Andronovo, layer and a significant admixture of Mongoloid forms of Central Asian origin (Trofimova, 1963a, b, 1967; Yablonsky, 1991, 1996, 1999; Itina and Yablonsky, 1997).
The main complex of anthropological features of the Saks of Northern Turkmenistan, South-Eastern Aral Sea region, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, Tien Shan and Alai is generally quite homogeneous. The Sakas of these territories are characterized by brachycrania, a broad, somewhat flattened face, and medium-protruding nasal bones. Representatives of ethnic groups living in the Tien Shan, Ime-
page 144
They have a more strongly shaped face and more prominent nasal bones than the plains population.
Based on the above, we can conclude that there is a Mongoloid admixture in the composition of the Saks of the Aral Sea region and Kazakhstan. Thus, the differences between the territorial groups consist in the fact that the Mongoloid admixture is present in the lowland Saks and absent in the mountain Saks. A special place is occupied by the Saks of the Eastern Pamirs, which apparently have other genetic roots.
Archaeological sites of the Saka period are widely represented on the territory of the Eastern Pamirs. Burial grounds are confined to lakes and river valleys, where the main areas of pasture of the Saka tribes are located. Therefore, it is possible to characterize the morphological features of the groups that were settled on the main areas of pastures, as well as to identify local variants. In addition, it is possible to conduct a comparative analysis of the series belonging to the local Pamir groups, as well as to consider the issues of similarity and kinship with the population of Near, Central and South Asia.
The available anthropological material dates back to the IX-I centuries BC. A significant part of it dates back to the V-III centuries BC. The rest of the material can be divided into those related to the earlier period (IX-VI centuries BC) and later (III-I centuries BC). This allows us to consider the dynamics of the anthropological composition of the population of the Eastern Pamirs not only in the territorial, but also in the chronological aspect.
Skulls of the Late Bronze Age (burial grounds of Kzylrabat in the Eastern Pamir and Yuzhbok II in the Western Pamir) (pl. 1) and the first half of the first millennium BC (separate burials of the burial grounds of Yashilkul, Kuntimush, Aydinkul, Mozhutash, Tegermansu I, Shaimak) (pl. 2) belong to the Europoid dolichocrane Eastern Mediterranean type. It can be concluded that the population of the Saka period and the Bronze Age is characterized by one set of anthropological features, the differences between them are not significant.
Skulls of the late Saks (last centuries I millennium BC) of the Eastern Pamirs (burial grounds of Chilkhon, Alichur I
Table 1. Individual sizes and indexes of Bronze Age skulls from the Pamirs
N n/a
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
Men
1
201
129
64,2
-
91
132
70
53,0
47
133,5
-
2
205
127
61,9
-
92
-
83
-
-
-
-
p
2
2
2
-
2
1
2
1
1
1
-
X
203,0
128,0
63,1
-
91,5
132,0
76,5
53,0
47,0
133,5
-
S
2,8
1,4
1,6
-
0,7
-
9,2
-
-
-
-
Women
1
178
130
73,0
119
91
116
69
59,5
30
141
129
2
170
150
88,2
132
91
120
65
54,2
-
135
115
3
189
135
71,4
-
94
148
70
47,3
-
-
132
p
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
X
179,0
138,3
77,5
125,5
92,0
128,0
68,0
53,7
30,0
137,8
125,2
S
6,7
7,8
7,1
6,5
1,3
13,3
2,0
4,2
-
2,8
6,8
Table 2. Individual sizes and indexes of Late Saka skulls from the Eastern Pamirs
N n/a
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
Men
1
187
137
72,0
-
-
131
73
55,7
-
-
-
2
181
136
75,1
123
92
135
75
55,6
31
135
128
3
184
131
71,2
132
88
128
66
51,6
41
-
-
Women
1
193
148
78,3
-
-
139
81
58,3
-
-
-
page 145
and Hargush I) are not numerous. The late Saks, like the early ones, are Caucasoids of the Eastern Mediterranean type. In our opinion, the anthropological composition of the Pamir population in the late Saka period did not change significantly compared to the previous period. This is a special feature of the region in question. It is known that in Central Asia at the end of the first millennium BC, the mass movement of nomadic tribes of Caucasian appearance with a Mongoloid admixture from the northern steppes to the southern regions played a significant role in the ethnic history of the population of the latter.
Anthropological data have established the migration routes of representatives of the steppe zone. One of them probably lay from the regions of the Aral Sea region through the Eastern Caspian region to Southern Turkmenistan and Northern Afghanistan. The other is also from the regions of the Aral Sea region, but through Central Kzylkum to Central and Southern Sughd and further to Northern Bactria. One part of the nomadic pastoral tribes that came to Northern Bactria settled compactly on the border of oases and steppes (burial grounds of Late Tulkhar, Aruk Tau), the other part settled in cities and large fortified settlements (Dalverzintepa, Ayrtam, Tepai Shah, Old Termez), it has traced genetic links with the local urban population.
The alien tribes were characterized by large head sizes with frontal-occipital deformity, with a broad and high face, with a noticeable Mongoloid admixture. It should be noted that the earliest manifestations of the custom of fronto-occipital deformity (Khodzhayov, 2000a, b) were recorded in the Aral Sea region and date back to the middle of the first millennium BC. Since the second century BC, this custom has also spread among a part of the urban and nomadic pastoral population of Central and Southern Sogd, Northern Bactria, and Margiana (Khodjayov, 1981a, b).
The complete absence of traces of a similar head deformity in the Saka tribes of the Eastern Pamirs, as well as the complex of anthropological features characteristic of nomadic tribes of the northern steppe zone of Central Asia, suggests that the latter did not influence the formation of the Late Saka population of the Eastern Pamirs. There are no traces of such influence among the modern Pamir peoples-Gorans, Ishkashimians, Vakhans, Rushans.
Saka burial grounds in the Eastern Pamirs, as it was noted, are concentrated in places most favorable for nomadic cattle breeding - in river valleys and around lakes. Information on the main areas of pastures in the Eastern Pamirs was published by B. A. Litvinsky [1972], and the grouping of paleoanthropological material by pasture areas was presented by the archaeologist M. A. Bubnova: site I - Kaltatur, II-Kokuibel and the Pshart River valley, III-Gunt, Yashilkul, Alichur, IV-Jaushangoz (Yuzhbok), V-valley Panj River, VI-Pamir River valley, VII-Istyk River valley, VIII-Aksu River headwaters (Tables 3, 4).
Site I-craniological materials of the Saka period are absent, there are only a few Bronze Age skulls from the Kzylrabat burial ground.
Plot II - one male skull from the burial ground of V-IV centuries BC Baka Bangi. Naturally, it is impossible to get an idea of the morphological features of the population of the entire region based on one find. It can only be noted that this skull is hyperdolichocranial, narrow, long and high. The forehead is of medium width. The face is hyperleptoprosopal, very narrow, of medium height with strong horizontal profiling. The nasal bones protrude strongly. This combination of basic craniometric features makes it possible to assign it to the Eastern Mediterranean type.
Site III - 12 skulls (seven male and five female) from the burial grounds of Gunt I, II, Alichur I, II and Kuntimush of the VII-II centuries BC; the main part of the skulls dates back to the V-III centuries BC. Male skulls are dolichocranose, very long, narrow and low. The forehead is relatively narrow. The front part is leptoprosopal, very narrow and high with a strong horizontal profile in the tray and weakened in its upper part. The nose protrudes strongly. The same morphological features are characteristic of the female group. In the male group, the values of the squared deviation were overestimated by the longitudinal diameter of the skull, the smallest width of the forehead, and the zygomatic diameter. The group includes skulls of not only the main variant, sharply dolichocrane and narrow-faced, but also mesocrane, with a relatively broad face. In the female part, however, heterogeneity is observed in the height of the skull and nasomalar angle. It features low-and very high-headed individuals. According to the horizontal profile of the face, skulls with both very strong and weakened forms are distinguished, but their values are within the limits of the Caucasian race. In general, the skulls from the burial grounds of Gunt, Yashilkul and Alichur, like the previous ones, belong to the Eastern Mediterranean race.
Section IV - five skulls (two male and three female). Material from the Jaushangoz IV burial ground dates back to the 5th-3rd centuries BC. Male and female skulls belong to the Eastern Mediterranean race. It presents dolicho-and mesocrane forms, which differ mainly in the height of the face. Female skulls are more homogeneous than male skulls.
Plot V - three skulls (one male and two female) from the Darai Abharv and Chilkhona burial grounds, Western Pamir. Craniological material from the first monument dates back to the 8th century. From the second - third - second centuries BC, the skulls can be attributed to representatives of the Eastern Mediterranean race.
page 146
Table 3. Individual sizes and indexes of skulls belonging to territorial groups of the Eastern Pamirs. Men
N n/a
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
ODS
UD
UB
UG
II. Kokuibel and the Pshart River valley
1
187
126
67,4
138
96
120
73
60,8
29
130
126
264,4
141,8
78,4
89,9
III. Gunt, Yashilkul, Alichur
1
207
137
66,2
139
110
136
84
61,8
-
-
-
284,5
150,0
80,8
82,5
2
184
131
71,2
130
97
121
72
59,5
35
142
120
260,6
141,0
84,7
83,7
3
181
136
75,1
123
92
135
76,6
55,6
31
135
128
257,7
139,9
91,1
78,4
4
196
134
68,4
134
87
122
76,6
58,7
42
147
127
272,6
146,3
82,7
82,7
5
184
127
69,0
127
92
130
78
60,0
22
147
125
257,1
144,9
83,1
83,1
6
191
135
70,7
131
91
125
72
55,8
-
142
134
268,1
143,6
85,3
81,6
7
182
138
75,8
128
94
128
77
59,7
41
146
125
261,8
136,9
90,4
80,8
n
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
-
-
-
x
189,3
134,0
70,9
130,3
94,7
128,1
76,6
58,7
34,2
143,2
126,5
266,0
143,3
85,3
81,8
s
9,5
3,8
3,5
5,2
7,4
5,9
4,1
2,3
8,2
4,6
4,6
9,9
4,3
3,9
1,8
IV. Jaushangoz (Yuzhbok)
1
180
135
75,0
-
95
-
79
-
30
149
-
-
-
-
-
2
195
141
72,3
134
90
123
69
56,1
45
132
119
275,4
141,9
87,2
-
n
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
x
187,5
138,0
73,7
134,0
92,5
123,0
74,0
56,1
37,5
140,5
119,0
268,6
137,9
87,1
83,3
s
10,6
4,2
1,9
-
3,5
-
7,1
-
10,6
12,0
-
-
-
-
-
V. Panj River Valley
187
137
72
-
-
131
73
55,7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
VI. Pamir River Valley
1
189
133
70,4
134
96
130
81
62,3
38
-
-
267,1
141,6
83,6
84,5
2
175
125
71,4
133
90
132
70
57,4
31
-
-
252,9
135,7
81,9
89,9
3
193
154
79,8
145
92
130
77
59,2
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
175
128
73,1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
184
131
71,2
132
88
128
66
51,6
41
-
-
261,6
139,9
84,1
85,0
6
195
139
71,3
129
-
130
60
46,2
34
-
-
272,0
145,6
87,6
78,4
7
184
137
74,5
137
88
134
86
64,2
28
141
-
267,2
134,3
86,3
86,3
8
191
126
66,0
135
96
117
76
65,0
38
129
114
265,7
146,4
78,5
87,0
n
8
8
8
6
6
7
7
7
7
2
1
6
6
6
8
x
185,8
134,1
72,2
135,0
91,7
128,7
73,7
58,0
34,7
135,0
114
265,9
138,0
84,7
85,5
s
7,7
9,4
3,9
5,1
3,7
5,5
9,0
6,9
4,5
8,5
-
13,2
10,9
151,4
59,5
VII. Istyk River Valley
1
188
141
75,0
132
99
134
74
55,2
35
143
130
269,5
137,8
89,5
81,1
2
194
131
67,5
126
89
126
75
59,5
31
143
132
265,8
151,0
83,8
79,0
3
186
130
69,9
138
93
131
81
61,8
34
138
123
265,6
138,9
81,1
88,7
4
188
139
73,9
135
107
135
43
136
122
270,0
137,2
87,3
83,5
5
187
139
74,3
135
97
134
78
58,2
23
143
127
269,3
136,5
87,5
83,7
6
182
131
72,0
134
92
132
69
52,3
35
147
133
261,2
137,4
83,9
86,8
7
190
134
70,5
-
97
-
71
-
-
-
-
232,5
-
-
-
n
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
x
187,9
135,0
71,9
133,3
96,3
132,0
74,7
57,4
33,5
141,7
127,8
267,0
140,0
85,3
83,7
page 147
End of Table 3
N n/a
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
ODS
UD
UB
UG
S
3,7
4,6
2,7
4,1
5,9
3,3
4,4
3,7
6,5
4,0
4,6
13,4
5,5
3,1
3,6
VIII. Upper reaches of the Aksu River
1
-
137
-
136
91
-
-
-
-
-
-
193,0
-
-
-
2
196
136
69,4
136
94
129
73
56,6
41
137
126
274,6
144,1
83,3
83,3
3
192
135
70,3
138
96
129
76
58,9
33
-
-
272,3
140,7
82,9
85,7
4
192
135
70,7
138
97
132
78
59,1
31
139
124
272,3
140,7
82,9
85,7
5
192
135
70,3
138
96
129
76
58,9
33
-
-
272,3
140,7
82,9
85,7
6
185
140
75,7
123
104
145
74
52,5
36
139
134
262,6
141,0
92,8
76,4
7
200
128
64,0
-
98
-
-
-
-
-
-
237,5
-
-
-
8
193
130
67,4
133
97
126?
81
64,3?
-
128
124
268,0
146,8
81,1
84,0
9
187
130
69,5
133
96
130?
74?
56,9
-
139
126
263,7
142,2
82,4
85,3
10
185
135
73,0
135
94
129
69
53,5
-
135
133
265,8
137,0
85,4
85,4
11
196
129
65,8
148
94
121
68
56,2
-
135
125
277,4
141,9
75,7
93,1
12
191
138
72,3
135
-
132
77
58,3
31
-
125
271,6
139,9
85,9
83,2
13
190
134
70,0
131
96
121
73
60,3
43
132
124
266,9
143,4
84,9
82,1
14
190
134
70,5
131
96
121
78
65,0
-
-
-
266,9
143,4
84,9
82,1
15
210
136
64,8
-
94
-
79
-
-
-
-
250,2
-
-
-
16
196
135
68,9
133
97
139
81
56,7
29
144
135
272,6
146,3
83,6
81,8
17
194
138
71,1
-
98
142
-
-
-
140
134
238,1
-
-
-
18
201
133
66,2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
241,0
-
-
-
19
200
139
69,5
127
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
274,7
150,5
87,2
76,2
20
200
130
65,0
-
87
133
74
55,6
43
139
131
238,5
-
-
-
21
189
138
73,0
137
99
132
76
56,8
32
140
125
271,2
137,5
85,8
84,8
22
181
136
75,1
123
92
135
75
55,6
31
135
128
257,7
139,9
91,1
78,4
23
175
125
71,4
133
90
122?
70
57,4
31
-
-
252,9
135,7
81,9
89,9
24
184
131
71,2
132
88
128
66
51,6
41
-
-
261,6
139,9
84,1
85,0
25
201
129
64,2
-
91
135
70
53,0
47
133
-
238,8
-
-
-
26
182
131
72,0
134
92
132
69
52,3
35
147
133
261,2
137,4
83,9
86,8
27
192
137
71,3
136
91
134
-
-
30
144
-
272,3
140,7
84,8
83,9
28
192
135
70,3
138
96
129
76
58,9
33
-
-
272,3
140,7
82,9
85,7
29
205
127
61,9
-
92
-
83
-
-
-
-
241,2
-
-
-
n
28
29
28
22
26
23
23
21
17
16
15
29
21
21
21
x
192,5
133,7
69,5
134,0
94,5
131,4
74,6
56,7
35,3
137,9
128,5
270,0
143,9
84,3
84,0
s
7,7
3,9
3,4
5,3
3,7
6,3
4,6
3,2
5,5
4,9
4,3
18,3
3,5
3,4
3,9
Note: ARV - total growth value of the cranium, UD - indicator of dolichoidness, UB-indicator of brachioidness, UG - indicator of hypsoidness.
Site VI - 14 skulls (seven male and seven female) V-III centuries. B.C. from the Pamirskaya I burial grounds on the Eastern Pamir and Khargush I, II, and III - on the Western Pamir. Some heterogeneity of the group is observed in the cranial index, the longitudinal and high-altitude diameter of the skull, as well as in the height of the face.
Site VII - 17 skulls (six male and 11 female) from the burial grounds Saryguroz, Andemin I, Dzhartygumbez II, III, Aydinkul I, Istyk, Mal. Istyk, Tuguruk-Baman, dating from the VII-VI and V-III centuries BC. e. The group is quite homogeneous, almost in all respects, except for the angle of protrusion of the nose - it varies greatly.
Site VIII - 41 skulls (30 male, 11 female) from the burial grounds of Akbeit I, III, VI, VII, Alichur I, Aydinkul I, Tegermansu III, V, Tokhtamysh, Mozhutash II, Kyzylrabat, Shaimak, Pamir I, Khargush I, Dzhartygumbez IV, Karaart I, II. They are characterized by hyper-
page 148
See Table 4. Individual sizes and indexes of skulls belonging to territorial groups of the Eastern Pamirs. Women
N n/a
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
ODS
UD
UB
UG
III. Gunt, Yashilkul, Alichur
1
184
121
65,8
139
91
127
77
60,6
-
-
-
260,4
141,9
75,7
93,2
2
179
132
76,0
122
91
124
71
57,3
-
-
-
253,7
141,1
89,3
79,4
3
172
128
74,4
121
101
124
68?
55,6?
-
138
133
246,2
138,2
88,7
81,5
4
171
127
74,3
129
91
117
78?
66,7?
32
141
-
249,0
133,6
85,5
87,5
5
177
130
73,4
132
88
119
67?
56,3?
36
151
131
256,2
135,1
85,0
87,0
n
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
3
2
5
5
5
5
x
176,6
127,6
72,8
128,6
92,4
122,2
74,0
59,0
34,0
143,3
132,0
253,1
138,0
84,9
85,7
s
5,3
4,2
4,0
7,4
5,0
4,1
4,2
2,3
2,8
6,8
1,4
5,7
3,6
5,5
5,4
IV. Jaushangoz (Yuzhbok)
1
178
137
77,0
131
93
119
68
57,1
27
142
128
260,0
132,9
89,7
83,9
2
183
130
71,0
134
91
127
79
62,2
29
131
-
261,4
138,7
83,0
86,9
3
182
132
72,5
133
91
119
-
-
-
-
-
261,2
137,4
84,8
85,8
n
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
x
181,0
133,0
73,5
132,7
91,7
121,7
73,5
59,7
28,0
136,5
128,0
260,9
136,3
85,9
85,5
s
2,6
3,6
3,1
1,5
1,2
4,6
7,8
3,6
1,4
7,8
-
0,8
3,0
3,5
1,5
V. Panj River Valley
1
197
147
74,6
138
97
135
-
-
-
-
-
281,9
138,3
89,2
81,1
2
193
148
78,3
-
-
139
81
58,3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
n
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
x
195,0
147,5
76,5
138,0
97,0
137,0
81,0
58,3
-
-
-
281,9
138,3
89,2
81,1
s
2,8
0,7
2,6
-
-
2,8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
VI. Pamir River Valley
1
181
130
71,8
138
89
129
74
57,4
32
-
-
262,1
135,1
82,3
90,0
2
168
126
75,0
130
91
120
68
56,7
29
-
-
247,0
131,3
85,3
89,4
3
173
134
77,5
126
90
122
72
59
26
-
-
252,5
133,1
90,8
82,8
4
175
128
73,1
-
100
120
72
60
-
-
-
216,8
-
-
-
5
192
137
71,3
121
97
121
76
62,8
26
131
121
265,1
149,1
89,9
74,6
6
174
128
73,6
120
91
114
70
61,4
-
142
133
247,1
140,4
88,6
80,4
7
181
132
76,3
131
93
120
67
55,0
26
146
122
259,5
137,6
85,7
84,8
n
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
5
3
3
7
6
6
6
x
177,7
130,7
74,1
127,7
93,0
120,9
71,3
58,9
27,8
139,7
125,3
254,9
137,8
87,1
83,6
s
7,8
3,9
2,3
6,8
4,0
4,4
3,2
2,7
2,7
7,8
6,7
16,3
6,4
3,2
5,8
VII. Istyk River Valley
1
184
131
71,2
128
95
123
73
59,3
28
138
128
259,6
142,1
85,4
82,4
2
175
132
75,5
-
92
122
68
56,7
-
141
120
219,2
-
-
-
3
179
136
76,0
137
97
125?
68
54,4
-
-
130
263,3
131,1
86,8
87,8
4
179
130
72,6
123
85
122
-
-
40
145
-
253,1
141,6
87,6
80,6
5
188
141
75,0
132
99
134
74
55,2
35
143
130
269,5
137,8
89,5
81,1
6
175
128
73,1
135
95
125
66
52,8
34
138
-
255,4
133,1
83,3
90,2
7
177
137
77,4
134
96
120
70
58,3
28
144
119
260,9
130,6
89,0
86,1
8
187
133
71,1
-
-
138?
77
55,8
-
-
-
229,5
-
-
-
9
180
136
75,6
-
93
127
71
55,9
30
148
128
225,6
-
-
-
page 149
End of Table 4
N n/a
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
ODS
UD
UB
UG
10
191
121
63,3
143
90
125
76
-
-
135
133
267,5
145,2
73,2
94,1
11
185
-
-
130
-
120?
76
63,3
-
-
-
226,1
-
-
-
n
11
10
10
8
9
11
10
9
6
8
7
11
7
7
7
x
181,8
132,5
73,1
132,8
93,6
124,8
71,9
56,9
32,5
141,5
126,9
248,2
137,4
85,0
86,0
s
5,5
5,6
4,0
6,0
4,2
4,3
3,9
3,1
4,7
4,3
5,3
19,0
5,8
5,6
5,0
VIII. Upper reaches of the Aksu River
1
172
128
74,4
120
-
126
-
-
-
-
-
245,7
138,8
89,1
80,9
2
183
139
75,9
-
96
124
-
-
40
137
138
229,8
-
-
-
3
189
125
66,1
144
102
-
-
-
-
131
-
268,5
140,9
75,8
93,7
4
178
134
75,3
131
93
128
75
58,6
30
142
121
258,5
134,3
87,8
84,8
5
189
135
71,4
-
94
148
70
47,3
-
-
132
232,3
-
-
-
6
180
131
72,8
-
98
124
70
56,4
-
140
131
222,6
-
-
-
7
180
131
72,8
130
96
135
71
52,6
-
141
128
257,8
137,9
85,6
84,7
8
183
133
72,7
-
90
126
68
54,0
-
148
126
226,2
-
-
-
9
181
130
71,8
136
95
129
70
54,3
29
137
132
261,1
136,1
82,9
88,7
n
9
9
9
5
8
8
6
6
3
7
7
9
5
5
5
x
181,7
131,8
72,6
132,2
95,5
130,0
70,7
53,9
33,0
139,4
129,7
244,7
137,6
84,2
86,5
s
5,3
4,1
2,9
8,8
3,5
8,1
2,3
3,8
6,1
5,3
5,4
17,3
2,5
5,3
4,9
See the note. go to Table 3.
See Table 5. Average values of traits on skulls grouped by main areas of pastures in the Eastern Pamirs. Men
Region
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
ODS
UD
UB
UG
II
187,0
126,0
67,4
138,0
96,0
120,0
73,0
60,8
29,0
130,0
126,0
264,4
141,8
78,4
89,9
III
189,3
134,0
70,9
130,3
94,7
128,1
76,6
58,7
34,2
143,2
126,5
266,0
143,3
85,3
81,8
IV
187,5
138,0
73,7
134,0
92,5
123,0
74,0
56,1
37,5
140,5
119,0
268,6
137,9
87,1
83,3
V
187,0
137,0
72,0
-
-
131,0
73,0
55,7
-
-
-
231,8
-
-
-
VI
185,8
131,8
72,2
135,0
91,7
130,5
71,7
57,9
34,7
135,0
114,0
264,8
139,3
83,2
86,3
VII
187,9
135,0
71,9
133,3
96,3
132,0
74,7
57,4
33,5
141,7
127,8
267,0
140,1
85,3
83,7
VIII
192,1
134,1
69,8
134,0
94,5
131,4
74,6
56,7
35,3
137,9
128,5
269,9
143,3
83,6
83,5
n
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
x
188,1
133,7
71,1
134,1
94,3
128,0
73,9
57,6
34,0
138,1
123,6
261,8
140,9
83,8
84,7
s
2,1
4,0
2,0
2,5
1,8
4,7
1,6
1,7
2,8
4,9
5,8
13,4
2,2
3,0
2,9
See the note. go to Table 3.
dolichocrania, long, narrow and medium-high skull, narrow and high sharply shaped face and strongly protruding nose. In general, the group is quite homogeneous, differences are manifested in indicators-the longitudinal and high-altitude diameter of the skull, the zygomatic and upper-facial diameter. The group includes both narrow-high-faced and narrow-low-faced forms belonging to various variants of the Eastern Mediterranean race.
Thus, representatives of all territorial groups of the Eastern Pamirs are characterized by a combination of features of the Caucasian Eastern Mediterranean race with its two variants - maturized and gracile (Table 5).
Among the populations of Near, Middle, and South Asia of the Eneolithic and Bronze Age, variants conventionally called "Eastern Mediterranean I, II, and III"were identified within the Eastern Mediterranean race
page 150
[Khodzhayov, 1981a, b]. Representatives of the Eastern Mediterranean variant I are rather maturized, long-headed, narrow - and high-faced. Representatives of variant II are also long-headed, but they are distinguished from the previous one by significant grace, a relatively low cranial vault, and a low and narrow face. Representatives of variant III are maturized, long-headed, with an exceptionally high and broad face.
The Eastern Mediterranean variant I includes the Eneolithic population of Southern Turkmenistan (Karadepe and Geoxyur), Northern Tajikistan (Sarazm), and Central Iran (Sialk). The features of variant II are typical for native speakers of the Namazgin, Sapalli, Zamanbaba, and Chust cultures of Central Asia and the Thuringogissar culture of Northeastern Iran. Variant III features are characterized by carriers of the Bishkek cattle culture of Southern Tajikistan (Early Tulkhar), whose range is small. Signs of variant III in the form of admixture are present in agricultural carriers of the Sapalla and Namazga cultures of Central Asia.
The predominant majority of skulls of the Saka period of the Pamirs have the features of variant I: a dolichocranial skull with a high arch, a narrow and high face. Such morphological features are present in the Indian variant of M. Cappieri (Cappieri, 1969). Gracile variant II (Trojan according to M. Cappieri)is represented on a smaller scale in the Pamir groups: with a small height of the vault of the skull, narrow and relatively low face. Variant III, which is typical for native speakers of the Bishkek culture, is not found in the Pamirs.
The ethnocultural connections of the Pamirs with East Turkestan, established by A. N. Bernshtam, are difficult to identify on the basis of anthropological material, since skulls of the Saka period from East Turkestan (near Lake Baikal) are found in the southern part of the Pamir Peninsula. Lobnor) are small in number, they are of the Eastern Mediterranean type, with traces of ring deformation (Hjortsjo and Walander, 1942). This source base does not provide a complete picture of the anthropological composition of the Saka population of East Turkestan.
Thus, the Saka population of the Eastern Pamirs probably did not experience a noticeable influence of the Saks of Eastern Turkestan. The variants of the Eastern Mediterranean race found in its composition determine the direction of relations with the agricultural cultures of the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages of Fore, Middle and South Asia.
It should be noted that in the Eastern Pamirs there are skulls with such features as a wide or broad and flattened face, or a small angle of protrusion of the nose. However, these features are not presented in a complex in the same skulls. In particular, some broad-faced forms with a dolichomesocrane skull were observed in the population of the upper reaches of the Aksu River, as well as in women living in the Panja and Istyk valleys (Table 6). Apparently, the Pamir plateau was not completely isolated from the influence of its northern and north-eastern neighbors, although the scale of this influence was small.
The Saks of the Eastern Pamirs are characterized by the maximum severity of the Caucasoid complex with very strong dolichocrania. This allowed the main researchers of the Saks of the Pamirs, V. V. Ginzburg and T. P. Kiyatkina, to definitely talk about the Near-Asian, Central Asian and South Asian analogies. Generalized indicators that characterize the overall size and shape of the skull (Pestryakov, 1997; Pestryakov and Grigorieva, 2004) give the following results (Tables 7-9).
Table 6. Total size and shape of the skull in the territorial groups of the Eastern Pamirs
Region
ODS
UD
UB
UG
ODS
UD
UB
UG
Men
Women
III
266,0
143,3
85,3
81,8
253,0
137,9
84,7
85,7
IV
-
-
-
-
260,9
136,2
85,8
85,5
VI
264,8
139,3
83,2
86,3
254,8
137,6
86,7
83,8
VII
267,0
140,1
85,3
83,7
260,5
137,8
85,8
84,6
VIII
269,9
143,3
83,6
83,5
260,5
137,7
85,0
85,4
n
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
x
266,9
141,5
84,4
83,8
257,9
137,4
85,6
85,0
s
2,18
2,10
1,11
1,86
3,75
0,70
0,78
0,79
See the note. go to Table 3.
page 151
See Table 7. Average values of traits on skulls grouped by main areas of pastures in the Eastern Pamirs. Women
Region
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
ODS
UD
UB
UG
III
176,6
127,6
72,8
128,6
92,4
122,2
74,0
58,9
34,0
143,3
132,0
253,0
137,9
84,7
85,7
IV
181,0
133,0
73,5
132,7
91,7
121,7
73,5
59,7
28,0
136,5
128,0
260,9
136,2
85,8
85,5
V
195,0
147,5
76,5
138,0
97,0
137,0
81,0
58,3
-
-
-
280,8
136,7
89,9
81,4
VI
177,7
130,6
73,6
127,7
91,8
120,8
72,0
58,7
27,8
139,7
125,3
254,8
137,6
86,7
83,8
VII
181,8
132,5
73,1
131,3
93,6
124,7
71,9
56,9
32,5
141,5
126,9
260,5
137,8
85,8
84,6
VIII
181,7
131,8
72,6
132,2
95,5
130,0
70,7
53,9
33,0
139,4
129,7
260,5
137,7
85,0
85,4
n
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
x
182,3
133,8
73,7
131,8
93,7
126,1
73,9
57,7
31,1
140,1
128,4
261,7
137,3
86,3
84,4
s
6,6
7,0
1,4
3,7
2,2
6,3
3,7
2,1
2,9
2,5
2,6
9,9
0,7
1,9
1,6
See the note. go to Table 3.
In terms of absolute ODS, the Saks of the Pamirs occupy an intermediate position between the synchronous Saka population of the lowland part of Central Asia (especially the early Saks of the Aral Sea region and Northern Turkmenistan) and the modern population of the Pamirs (Gorans, Ishkashimians, Vakhans, Rushans) (Rychkov, 1969). The former have a very large size of the skull, and the latter-very small. The saks of the Tien Shan, Alai and Kazakhstan are close to the saks of the Pamirs in this parameter, i.e. they fall under the headings of the average values of this parameter on a global scale. Most of the Bronze Age series in Central Asia have significantly higher ODS than the Pamir Saks. While the Bronze Age series of more southern territories, in particular Pakistan (Timargarh and Butkar II), as well as the Eneolithic series from Central Asia (Karadepe, Geoxur, Gonur, Sarazm, etc.) are similar in ODS to the Saks of the Pamirs.
The skull of the Saka of the Pamirs is elongated in shape and finds analogs among the Bronze Age series of the more southern regions, as well as among some Eneolithic and Bronze Age series of Central Asia (Karadepe, Geoxyur, Sapallitepa, Dzharkutan, Altyndepe). The UD value of the modern population of the Pamirs, which has a brachycranial skull, is significantly less than that of the Saks of the Pamirs.
The relative width of the skull in length is not too different or the same in size among the Saks of the Pamirs as among the Bronze Age Saks, but it is somewhat smaller than that of the lowland Saks, and even more so among the modern population of the Pamirs. In terms of the relative height of the cranial box (UG - hypoid index), the Saks of the Pamirs as a whole do not differ much from the Saks of the plain part. However, this indicator is often lower for lowland Saks than for Bronze Age series.
Similar skulls were also found in materials from an earlier epoch from the territory of Central Asia, including the plains. There is a similarity with the series of the early epoch of Southern Turkmenistan (Karadepe, Geoxyur, Gonur, etc.). The skull of representatives of this region of the specified period is larger than that of the later population of the Pamirs. This trait is especially characteristic of the population of the upper reaches of the Aksu River in the Eastern Pamirs, which can be considered as a consequence of heterosis as a result of mixing populations with different types of skull.
A similar trend is found in the women's series, but in a milder form. According to the shape indicators, women's series are more similar to each other than men's, but in absolute terms, the opposite is true. Thus, in terms of the size and shape of the skull, the Saks of the Pamir highlands show similarities with the southern Europoid populations of the Bronze Age, which confirms the opinion of the main researchers of the Saks of the Eastern Pamirs*.
Let us consider the anthropological features characteristic of various territorial groups of the Saks of the Pamirs, as well as their relationships (see Table 7). These groups are represented by a series of different numbers. Large groups from the Gunt, Pamir and Istyk valleys, and upper Aksu rivers. Materials from Kokuibel, Jaushangoz, and Panj are not numerous, but they are also included in the intergroup analysis.
Cluster schemes for the intergroup analysis of territorial groups of Saks of Pamir are constructed on the basis of the following craniometric parameters: longitudinal, transverse, height diameter of the skull, cranial index, smallest width of the forehead, upper face height, zygomatic diameter, upper facial index, nasomalar and zygomaxillary angles and nose protrusion angle. The dendrogram calculated for male groups consists of two well-defined clusters (Fig. 1). In one cluster, the following groups were combined:-
* The author is grateful to A. P. Pestryakov for his advice.
page 152
Table 8. Series from different geographical zones of the Eastern Pamirs and comparative data. Men
Series
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
ODS
UD
UB
UG
Option II. Kokuibel, Pshart River valley
187,0
126,0
67,4
138,0
96,0
120,0
73,0
60,8
29,0
130,0
126,0
264,4
141,8
78,4
89,9
Option III. Гунт, Яшилькуль, Аличур
189,3
134,0
70,9
130,3
94,7
128,1
76,6
58,7
34,2
143,2
126,5
266,0
143,3
85,3
81,8
Option IV. Joshangoz (Yuzhbok)
187,5
138,0
73,7
134,0
92,5
123,0
74,0
56,1
37,5
140,5
119,0
268,6
137,9
87,1
83,3
Option V. Panj River Valley
187,0
137,0
72,0
134,1
94,3
131,0
73,0
55,7
34,0
138,0
123,6
267,8
138,0
86,5
83,8
Option VI. Pamir River Valley
185,8
131,8
72,2
135,0
91,7
130,5
71,7
57,9
34,7
135,0
114,0
264,8
139,3
83,2
86,3
Option VII. Istyk River Valley
187,9
135,0
71,9
133,3
96,3
132,0
74,7
57,4
33,5
141,7
127,8
267,0
140,1
85,3
83,7
Option VIII. Upper reaches of the Aksu River
192,1
134,1
69,8
134,0
94,5
131,4
74,6
56,7
35,3
137,9
128,5
269,9
143,3
83,6
83,5
1. Saks of the Eastern Pamirs (total)
190,4
133,6
70,0
133,6
93,8
129,2
74,8
56,2
34,3
138,6
126,5
268,2
142,5
83,8
83,8
2. Saki Alaya
181,0
138,4
76,9
133,0
94,3
135,0
70,7
52,8
30,3
142,7
128,6
263,8
133,4
89,2
84,0
3. Saki of the Tien Shan
178,0
147,0
82,8
134,0
98,5
137,0
71,0
52,7
31,0
141,8
132,0
266,9
126,8
95,2
82,8
4. Saki of Kazakhstan (national team)
181,2
144,7
80,2
131,6
99,6
138,8
71,4
51,5
29,5
141,8
129,8
266,6
131,3
93,7
81,3
5. Saki of the Aral Sea region (early)
183,5
147,4
80,5
139,0
98,2
141,8
75,6
53,4
26,7
142,1
135,3
273,3
128,2
92,3
84,5
6. Saki of the Aral Sea region (late)
180,3
148,1
82,4
132,5
100,7
136,7
71,6
52,6
28,3
141,7
132,1
268,3
128,7
95,8
81,1
7. North Turkmenistan (Tumek group)
191,3
142,2
74,4
131,7
102,0
137,3
70,3
51,2
34,7
134,6
132,4
272,3
139,8
89,6
79,9
8. North Turkmenistan (Tarym group)
184,3
139,7
75,7
141,7
99,2
138,2
71,8
50,9
29,3
135,9
126,9
271,2
131,0
86,4
88,3
9. Timargarha
190,2
132,0
69,4
136,0
93,8
133,0
70,2
52,9
30,0
134,1
121,7
268,5
142,0
82,1
85,8
10. Butkara II
190,7
129,7
67,4
138,5
97,5
123,5
66,8
53,9
31,0
133,0
122,0
269,0
142,3
79,8
88,1
11. Gonur
186,9
133,1
71,3
134,1
95,4
126,7
67,8
53,5
32,6
133,6
123,8
265,8
139,9
84,1
85,0
12. Karadepe
194,8
134,9
69,4
143,7
95,2
129,9
72,6
55,9
31,4
134,2
126,0
277,1
139,9
80,6
88,6
13. Geoxur
195,3
136,2
70,0
138,2
98,9
132,0
72,4
54,8
31,8
135,9
126,5
275,3
142,4
82,9
84,7
14. Altyndepe
189,5
136,0
71,6
134,6
95,6
129,1
70,6
54,7
34,4
137,1
123,1
269,3
140,1
85,2
83,8
15. Sapallitepa
187,7
136,3
73,3
133,5
96,9
130,5
71,5
54,8
34,1
135,6
122,9
267,6
139,1
86,1
83,5
16. Jarkutan
189,0
138,6
73,3
134,5
93,6
131,7
75,2
57,1
32,0
136,8
125,4
270,2
138,4
86,9
83,1
17. Tepegissar III
188,9
134,3
71,1
135,4
95,6
128,3
70,2
54,7
32,0
136,7
124,3
268,4
140,1
84,0
85,0
18. Saraihola
183,2
141,9
77,5
130,1
98,4
133,1
68,8
51,7
30,0
136,0
122,0
265,8
134,8
91,9
80,7
19. Tigrovaya Balka, Makonimor
188,4
136,9
72,8
134,9
97,3
131,8
71,8
54,5
39,6
133,6
127,7
269,1
138,6
85,9
84,0
20. Goran
173,2
140,8
81,3
132,2
97,2
132,8
70,6
53,2
29,6
138,5
126,9
259,4
126,9
93,0
84,7
21. Ishkashim
172,2
141,5
82,2
131,9
95,5
131,1
70,4
53,7
31,0
139,8
127,8
259,0
126,0
93,9
84,5
22. Wakhan
173,1
140,1
80,9
130,1
95,9
127,6
67,6
53,4
31,7
142,2
127,1
257,9
128,2
93,4
83,5
23. Rushan
166,4
143,6
86,3
132,7
93,9
128,0
69,0
54,0
31,3
139,3
127,9
256,7
120,5
96,6
85,8
24. Shahdara
177,0
146,8
82,9
128,7
95,5
136,7
73,1
53,6
30,0
144,0
133,1
263,5
128,8
97,3
79,8
See the note. go to Table 3.
page 153
Table 9. Series from different geographical zones of the Eastern Pamirs and comparative data. Women
Region
1
8
8/1
17
9
45
48
48/45
75(1)
77
<Zm
ODS
UD
UB
UG
Option III. Гунт, Яшилькуль, Аличур
176,6
127,6
72,8
128,6
92,4
122,2
74,0
58,9
34,0
143,3
132,0
253,0
137,9
84,7
85,7
Option IV. Joushangoz (Yuzhbok)
181,0
133,0
73,5
132,7
91,7
121,7
73,5
59,7
28,0
136,5
128,0
260,9
136,2
85,8
85,5
Option V. Panj River Valley
195,0
147,5
76,5
138,0
97,0
137,0
81,0
58,3
31,1
140,1
128,4
-
-
-
-
Option VI. Pamir River Valley
177,7
130,6
73,6
127,7
91,8
120,8
72,0
58,7
27,8
139,7
125,3
254,8
137,6
86,7
83,8
Option VII. Istyk River Valley
181,8
132,5
73,1
131,3
93,6
124,7
71,9
56,9
32,5
141,5
126,9
260,5
137,8
85,8
84,6
Option VIII. Upper reaches of the Aksu River
181,7
131,8
72,6
132,2
95,5
130,0
70,7
53,9
33,0
139,4
129,7
260,5
137,7
85,0
85,4
1. Saks of the Eastern Pamirs (total)
180,6
131,3
72,4
129,8
94,2
122,2
70,4
57,6
31,4
139,8
127,4
258,3
138,3
85,8
84,3
2. Saki Alaya
178,3
135,8
76,4
130,3
95,0
127,2
67,5
52,7
24,1
141,5
127,5
259,3
134,0
89,1
83,7
3. Saki of the Tien Shan
171,0
138,8
80,1
125,0
94,5
125,3
69,2
55,2
23,0
150,7
129,5
253,2
129,8
94,9
81,1
4. Saki of Kazakhstan (national team)
174,5
140,5
80,9
125,6
93,6
129,6
70,0
53,7
24,5
140,7
130,4
256,8
131,4
94,9
80,2
5. Saki of the Aral Sea region (early)
177,9
137,7
77,5
127,2
91,7
129,0
72,4
56,2
22,0
144,2
130,8
258,4
134,4
91,5
81,3
6. Saki of the Aral Sea region (late)
171,8
142,0
82,7
127,0
97,0
127,1
67,4
53,1
25,9
141,0
129,2
256,5
127,9
96,1
81,3
7. North Turkmenistan (Tumek group)
176,8
140,8
79,1
131,3
94,3
123,6
65,0
51,0
24,3
140,0
126,7
261,4
130,0
92,4
83,2
8. Karadepe
183,0
132,1
72,2
134,9
92,2
123,8
67,5
54,9
25,8
136,9
126,1
262,9
137,1
84,1
86,8
9. Geoxur
184,8
132,5
71,6
130,5
93,5
123,3
69,9
57,2
29,1
137,9
123,4
262,2
140,5
85,3
83,4
10. Altyndepe
183,7
135,1
73,4
133,0
92,4
122,8
71,6
52,1
29,0
136,5
116,7
264,0
137,0
86,4
84,4
11. Sapallitepa
181,1
133,1
73,5
128,9
93,4
121,8
68,7
56,6
32,5
135,0
121,3
259,1
138,3
87,1
83,0
12. Jarkutan
183,2
134,5
73,0
130,8
94,6
123,8
68,4
55,7
30,0
137,6
125,8
262,2
138,1
86,9
83,3
13. Tepegissar III
181,2
132,0
72,8
128,8
92,9
121,8
66,8
54,8
30,0
136,0
124,1
258,5
139,0
86,4
83,3
14. Tigrovaya Balka, Makonimor
179,8
133,2
74,5
130,4
93,3
124,5
69,2
55,2
33,7
138,0
126,8
259,0
136,4
87,0
84,3
15. Timargarha
180,2
130,9
72,9
129,2
91,7
122,3
66,6
52,2
23,3
139,5
130,6
257,5
138,6
85,8
84,1
16. Goran
168,4
134,4
79,8
127,1
94,8
125,4
67,7
54,0
27,4
140,0
128,5
250,2
128,8
91,9
84,5
17. Ishkashim
167,7
133,6
79,7
127,8
92,0
121,6
67,7
55,7
27,9
139,8
126,6
249,6
128,3
91,3
85,4
18. Wakhan
167,9
136,0
81,0
125,4
92,1
122,9
66,0
54,0
28,3
143,8
126,6
249,8
128,6
93,7
83,0
19. Rushan
163,8
135,7
82,7
127,3
90,3
121,2
66,2
54,6
25,4
138,8
129,7
247,9
124,6
94,0
85,4
20. Shahdara
172,1
139,7
81,4
124,1
93,8
127,3
70,0
54,4
21,9
142,8
130,2
254,0
130,7
95,6
80,0
See the note. go to Table 3.
rias from the Panj and Istyk valleys. They are joined by the series from Gunta, Yashilkul, Alichur and the upper Aksu Valley. In another cluster, the series from Jaushangoz and the Pamir Valley were grouped. The women's group is also represented by two clusters (Figure 2). The series from Istyk Valley and Aksu were combined into one subgroup, and the series from Jaushangoz and Pamir Valley were combined into the other, as in the men's group. The series from Gunta, Yashilkul, and Alichur occupied an intermediate position between the two clusters listed above. We need to-
page 154
It is shown that the populations that were nomadic in the west and south-east of the Pamirs are most closely related to each other.
A cluster analysis of men's (see Table. 8) and female (see Table. 9) groups based on the Mahalanobis distance matrix (Figs. 3, 4). The series from Near, Central and South Asia used for the intergroup analysis were divided into two large clusters. The first one combined all the Saka territorial groups from the Eastern Pamirs, as well as the Eneolithic and Bronze Age series from Northeastern Iran, southern Central Asia, and Northern India. There are four subgroups within this cluster. The first subgroup includes the Eneolithic and Bronze Age series from Southeastern Iran (Tepegissar III), Southern Turkmenistan (Karadepe, Geoxur, Gonur) and Northern Pakistan (Timargarh, Butkar II), as well as the Saki of the Northern Pamirs (Kokuibel). The second subgroup includes the Saks of the Central (Gunt, Yashilkul, Alichur) and Southeastern (Istyk Valley and Aksu) Pamirs, as well as the Bronze Age series from Ancient Bactria (Jarkutan). The third subgroup includes the Saks of the Southwestern Pamir (Panja Valley)and the Namazgin, Sapalli, and Vakhsh cultures (Altyndepe, Sapallitepa, Tigrovaya Balka, and Makonimor). The fourth subgroup consisted of series from the Southern Pamir (Jaushangoz, Pamir Valley). The series of the first and second subgroups is characterized by dolichocrania with a high cranial vault, narrow and high face. The third subgroup includes the Bronze Age groups of southern Central Asia (Sapallitepe, Altyndepe, Tigrovaya Balka and Makonimor), as well as Saks from the Panj Valley, Pamir and Jaushangoz. This group is dominated by gracile dolichocrans, which have a relatively low cranial vault, narrow and low face.
Thus, the first and second clusters mainly included representatives of variant I of the Eastern Mediterranean race, and the third and fourth-of variant P. Variant III of the Eastern Mediterranean race, which was represented by the tribes of the Bishkek cattle culture, is not recorded as part of the Saks of the Eastern Pamirs.
In the second cluster, an independent subgroup was formed by the modern Pamir peoples-Gorans, Ishkashim, Vakhans, Rushans, with the exception of Shugnans, who show a significant Mongoloid admixture, late in origin. The mountain peoples of the Western Pamirs are distinguished by a significant narrow face and moderate brachycrania. The roundhead may have formed at a later time. The East Pamir population of the Early Iron Age is also narrow-faced, but long-headed. Its direct connection with the modern population of the Western Pamirs does not yet have a solid factual basis and is problematic, but likely.
Figure 1. Results of comparison of territorial groups of the Eastern Pamirs based on cluster analysis. Men.
III-Gunt; IV-Jaushangoz; V - valley of the Panj river; VI - valley of the Pamir River; VII - valley of the Istyk River; VIII-upper reaches of the Aksu River
2. Results of comparison of territorial groups of the Eastern Pamirs based on cluster analysis. Women.
III-Gunt; IV-Jaushangoz; V - valley of the Panj river; VI - valley of the Pamir River; VII - valley of the Istyk River; VIII-upper reaches of the Aksu River
3. Results of comparison of craniological groups of Saks of the Eastern Pamirs and series from Anterior, Central, and Southern Asia. Male skulls. For the numbering of groups, see Table 8.
4. Results of comparison of craniological groups of Saks of the Eastern Pamirs and series from Anterior, Central, and Southern Asia. Female skulls. For the numbering of groups, see Table 9.
page 155
The Saka tribes of the Tien Shan, Alai, Semirechye, Kazakhstan, the Aral Sea region, and Northern Turkmenistan were included in a different subgroup. The main complex of anthropological features is generally quite homogeneous throughout this vast territory: this is a brachycranial, rather broad-faced complex with a somewhat flattened facial skeleton and medium-protruding nasal bones. Cluster analysis demonstrates a significant morphological and racial feature of the early nomads of the northern steppe regions of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, which distinguishes them from the Saks of the Eastern Pamirs.
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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 11.01.08.
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